Figure 1.
Regenerative braking system operating modes
Figure 2.
Main components of a regenerative braking system
Figure 3.
Proposed control of the regenerative braking system
Figure 4.
Block diagram of proposed Fuzzy-PID controller
Figure 5.
Block diagram of Fuzzy logic controller
Table 1.
5×5 Rule base table used in the control system
| Δe/e | NB | NS | ZZ | PS | PB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NB | S | S | M | M | B |
| NS | S | M | M | B | VB |
| ZZ | M | M | B | VB | VB |
| PS | M | B | VB | VB | VVB |
| PB | B | VB | VB | VVB | VVB |
Figure 6.
Principle operation of hysteresis current control loop
Figure 7.
The proposed regenerative braking system in MATLAB Simulink
Figure 8.
The proposed controller subsystem in MATLAB Simulink
Figure 9.
The speed controller subsystem in MATLAB Simulink
Figure 10.
The current controller subsystem in MATLAB Simulink
Figure 11.
The decoder block in MATLAB Simulink
Table 2.
Selected parameters of BLDC [21]
| Rating | Symbol | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Inductance | L | 0.0144 mH |
| DC resistance | R | 0.0065? |
| Number of poles | P | 8 |
| Rated voltage | V | 48 v |
| Moment of inertia | J | 0.00019 kg.m2 |
| Motor torque coefficient | Kt | 0.095 N.m/A |
| Viscous damping | F | 1*10−6N.m.s |
| Flux linkage | ϕ | 0.0059375 V.s |
| Load torque | TL | 4 N.m |
Figure 12.
Variation of SOC with time at 90% of initial battery charge state
Figure 13.
Variation of SOC with time at 10% of initial battery charge state
Figure 14.
The variation of desired and actual motor speed with time under accelerating and braking modes
Figure 15.
The variation of the actual motor speed with time under sudden change in load in accelerating mode