Fig. 1
Hypothesized model for basic psychological needs frustration and burnout
Table 1
Cluster analysis on the basis of scores on the burnout subscales (range 1–6)
|
Cluster |
N (%) |
Exhaustion (mean ± SD) |
Cynicism (mean ± SD) |
Perceived negative efficacy (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 Low scores on burnout |
199 (47%) |
1.65 ± 0.73 |
1.45 ± 0.86 |
1.69 ± 0.67 |
|
2 Medium scores on burnout |
168 (40%) |
3.34 ± 0.82 |
3.41 ± 1.00 |
2.19 ± 0.52 |
|
3 High scores on burnout |
55 (13%) |
3.69 ± 0.94 |
4.59 ± 0.85 |
3.62 ± 0.61 |
Cohen’s kappa for cluster stability = 0.95 (> 0.8 is considered good)
Table 2
Comparison of dependent variable scores between clusters (Multiple ANOVAs)
|
Variable (range of scores) |
Cluster 1 Low burnout scores |
Cluster 2 Medium burnout scores |
Cluster 3 High burnout scores |
Statistical significance of ANOVA |
Difference between Mean 1 and Mean 2 |
Difference between Mean 2 and Mean 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean1 ± SD (n = 199) |
Mean2 ± SD (n = 168) |
Mean3 ± SD (n = 55) |
F, η 2 significance |
Effect size (d) |
Effect size (d) | |
|
Autonomous motivation(1–5) |
4.17a ± 0.38 |
3.90b ± 0.42 |
3.31c ± 0.83 |
68.6, 0.256*** |
0.56 |
1.21 |
|
Controlled motivation (1–5) |
1.79a ± 0.53 |
1.97b ± 0.62 |
2.37c ± 0.74 |
37.4, 0.159*** |
0.31 |
0.69 |
|
Engagement (0–4) | ||||||
|
Vigor (0–4) |
2.42a ± 0.59 |
1.82b ± 0.61 |
1.13c ± 0.61 |
108.8, 0.372*** |
1.00 |
1.14 |
|
Dedication (0–4) |
2.93a ± 0.45 |
2.42b ± 0.55 |
1.74c ± 0.74 |
114.1, 0.363*** |
0.95 |
1.27 |
|
Absorption (0–4) |
2.52a ± 0.64 |
2.26b ± 0.58 |
1.56c ± 0.76 |
46.7, 0.196*** |
0.41 |
1.10 |
|
Satisfaction of BPN (1–7) |
5.20a ± 0.65 |
4.47b ± 0.66 |
3.82c ± 0.85 |
103.7, 0.361*** |
1.06 |
0.95 |
|
Autonomy satisfaction (1–7) |
4.96a ± 0.79 |
3.91b ± 0.93 |
3.36c ± 1.08 |
97.3, 0.346*** |
1.17 |
0.62 |
|
Competence satisfaction (1–7) |
5.27a ± 0.79 |
4.66b ± 0.84 |
3.55c ± 1.15 |
87.1, 0.318*** |
0.71 |
1.29 |
|
Relatedness satisfaction (1–7) |
5.36a ± 1.03 |
4.83b ± 1.10 |
4.54b ± 1.36 |
16.3, 0.082*** |
0.48 |
n. s. |
|
Frustration of BPN (1–7) |
2.60a ± 0.77 |
3.55b ± 0.71 |
4.24c ± 0.83 |
130.1, 0.429*** |
1.26 |
0.92 |
|
Autonomy frustration (1–7) |
2.98a ± 0.96 |
4.27b ± 0.95 |
4.74c ± 1.06 |
109.6, 0.377*** |
1.32 |
0.48 |
|
Competence frustration (1–7) |
2.72 a ± 1.05 |
3.62b ± 1.16 |
4.95c ± 1.23 |
90.7, 0.347*** |
0.81 |
1.19 |
|
Relatedness frustration (1–7) |
2.11a ± 1.07 |
2.75b ± 1.17 |
3.04b ± 1.39 |
21.0, 0.106*** |
0.56 |
n. s. |
|
Work-life balance (1–3) |
2.24a ± 0.56 |
1.82b ± 0. 55 |
1.93b ± 0.55 |
28.6, 0.121*** |
0.76 |
n. s. |
|
Conflict at work (1–10) |
3.91a ± 2.27 |
5.51b ± 2.40 |
5.00b ± 2.66 |
20.7, 0.087*** |
0.68 |
n.s |
|
Belong to team (1–6) |
4.20a ± 1.40 |
3.41b ± 1.50 |
2.61c ± 1.45 |
31.4, 0.128*** |
0.55 |
0.56 |
|
Quality of sleep (0–10) |
7.41a ± 1.53 |
6.48b ± 1.85 |
6.59b ± 1.71 |
16.2, 0.081*** |
0.55 |
n. s. |
|
Feeling refreshed (1–5) |
3.60a ± 0.81 |
2.85b ± 0.91 |
2.61c ± 0.98 |
40.6, 0.170*** |
0.85 |
0.27 |
Significance of the ANOVA analyses is indicated by the test value of the between clusters versus within clusters mean square (F) and the overall effect size, expressed as fraction of explained variance (η2). Cluster means with different subscripts differ statistically significant from each other (p < 0.01, Bonferroni post-hoc test). Effect sizes for the difference between cluster means (Cohen’s d) were calculated from the difference in means and the pooled standard deviation, derived from the ANOVA analyses
***p < 0.001 in all cases; n. s., not significantly different. The means which have different subscripts differ from each other significantly. The means with the same subscript do not differ significantly. BPN basic psychological needs.
Fig. 2
Structural equation model of BPN frustration and burnout. Indirect effects: Work Life Balance-Basic Psychological Needs Frustration-Exhaustion (*−0.185); Work Life Balance-Basic Psychological Needs Frustration-Cynicism (*−0.213); Work Life Balance-Basic Psychological Needs Frustration-Perceived Negative Efficacy (*−0.154)
