Table 1
Schematic representation of the participant blocks (Groups A–F) used in the study design
|
Parent items |
Feedback sequence |
Items at immediate post-test |
Items at 1 week retention test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Group A |
1–17 |
X |
Items 18–34 Items 35–52 |
Items 53–68 Items 69–85 |
|
Group B |
1–17 |
Y |
Items 18–34 Items 35–52 |
Items 53–68 Items 69–85 |
|
Group C |
1–17 |
Z |
Items 18–34 Items 35–52 |
Items 53–68 Items 69–85 |
|
Group D |
1–17 |
X |
Items 53–68 Items 69–85 |
Items 18–34 Items 35–52 |
|
Group E |
1–17 |
Y |
Items 53–68 Items 69–85 |
Items 18–34 Items 35-52 |
|
Group F |
1–17 |
Z |
Items 53–68 Items 69–85 |
Items 18–34 Items 35–52 |
Feedback sequence X received conceptually focused feedback on the first 6 parent items, then response-oriented feedback on the next 6 parent items, then right/wrong feedback on the last 5 parent items
Feedback sequence Y received response-oriented feedback on the first 6 parent items, then right/wrong feedback on the next 6 parent items, then conceptually focused feedback on the last 5 parent items.
Feedback sequence Z received right/wrong feedback on the first 6 parent items, then conceptually focused on the next 6 parent items, then response-oriented feedback on the last 5 parent items
Table 2
Interaction (answer and reading) times for parent items overall and by correct and incorrect responses with comparison by subsequent feedback type (time in seconds)
|
Median answer time (SD) |
Median answer time when correct |
Median answer time when incorrect |
Median feedback reading time (SD) |
Median feedback time when correct |
Median feedback time when incorrect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Right/wrong |
87 (44) |
86 |
91 |
3 (5) |
2 |
5 |
|
Response oriented |
91 (45) |
94 |
84 |
25 (24) |
18 |
31 |
|
Conceptually focused |
90 (45) |
94 |
83 |
52 (49) |
48 |
55 |
Fig. 1
Proportion correct for near and far transfer items as a function of feedback type
Table 3
Mean score (percentage correct) on near- and far-transfer items after parent item answered correctly or incorrectly by feedback type
|
Near transfer (mean) |
Far transfer (mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Parent item answered incorrectly |
Right/wrong |
60 |
46 |
|
Response oriented |
60 |
52 | |
|
Conceptually focused |
61 |
59 | |
|
Parent item answered correctly |
Right/wrong |
56 |
53 |
|
Response oriented |
63 |
50 | |
|
Conceptually focused |
64 |
54 |