Clear skies ahead: optimizing the learning environment for critical thinking from a qualitative analysis of interviews with expert teachers

Shochet RB Colbert-Getz JM Levine RB Wright SM Gauging events that influence students’ perceptions of the medical school learning environment: findings from one institution Acad Med 2013 88 246 252 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31827bfa14

Maudsley RF Role models and the learning environment: essential elements in effective medical education Acad Med 2001 76 432 434 10.1097/00001888-200105000-00011

Moutier C Wingard D Gudea M Jeste D Goodman S Reznik V The Culture of Academic Medicine: Faculty Behaviors Impacting the Learning Environment Acad Psychiatry 2016 40 912 918 10.1007/s40596-016-0582-3

Bakhshialiabad H Bakhshi M Hassanshahi G Students’ perceptions of the academic learning environment in seven medical sciences courses based on DREEM Adv Med Educ Pract 2015 6 195 203 10.2147/AMEP.S60570

Hafler JP Ownby AR Thompson BM Decoding the learning environment of medical education: a hidden curriculum perspective for faculty development Acad Med 2011 86 440 444 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31820df8e2

Swing SR The ACGME outcome project: Retrospective and prospective Med Teach 2007 29 648 654 10.1080/01421590701392903

Greiner AC Knebel E Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality 2003 US National Academies Press

O’Sullivan PS Blevins-Stephens WL Smith FM Vaughan-Wrobel B Addressing the National League for Nursing critical-thinking outcome Nurse Educ 1997 22 23 29 10.1097/00006223-199701000-00008

Huang GC Newman LR Schwartzstein RM Critical Thinking in Health Professions Education: Summary and Consensus Statements of the Millennium Conference Teach Learn Med 2011 2014 26 95 102

Huang GC Lindell D Jaffe LE Sullivan AM A multi-site study of strategies to teach critical thinking: ‘why do you think that? Med Educ 2016 50 236 249 10.1111/medu.12937

Mills J Bonner A Francis K Adopting a constructivist approach to grounded theory: Implications for research design Int J Nurs Pract 2006 12 8 13 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00543.x

Charmaz K. Constructionism and the Grounded Theory Method. In: Holst J, Gubrium J, editors. Handb Constr Res. NY City NY: Guilford; 2008. P. 397–412. ISBN 978-1593853051.

Christensen M Welch A Barr J Husserlian Descriptive Phenomenology: A review of intentionality, reduction and the natural attitude J Nurs Educ Pract 2017 7 113 10.5430/jnep.v7n8p113

Gale NK Heath G Cameron E Rashid S Redwood S Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research BMC Med Res Methodol 2013 13 117 10.1186/1471-2288-13-117

Ritchie J Lewis J Qualitative Research Practice 2003 Thousand Oaks, CA Publications, Sage

Ritchie J Spencer E O’Connor W Lincoln YSGE Carrying out Qualitative Analysis ed. Establishing Trustworthiness in Naturalistic Inquiry 1985 Beverly Hills, CA SAGE

Norris TE Schaad DC DeWitt D Longitudinal integrated clerkships for medical students: An innovation adopted by medical schools in Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United States Acad Med 2009 84 902 907 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a85776

Leape LL Shore MF Dienstag JL A culture of respect, Part 1: The nature and causes of disrespec tful behavior by physicians Acad Med 2012 87 853 858 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182583536

Slavin SJ Chibnall JT Mistreatment of medical students in the third year may not be the problem Med Teach 2017 39 891 893 10.1080/0142159X.2016.1270438

Improving Environments for Learning in the Health Professions: Recommendations from the Macy Foundation Conference. 2018:38–39. https://macyfoundation.org/assets/reports/publications/macy_monograph_2018_webfile.pdf.

Genn JM AMEE Medical Education Guide No. 23 (Part 1): Curriculum, environment, climate, quality and change in medical education—a unifying perspective Med Teach 2001 23 337 344 10.1080/01421590120063330

Genn JM AMEE Medical Education Guide No. 23 (Part 2): Curriculum, environment, climate, quality and change in medical education—a unifying perspective Med Teach 2001 23 445 454

Guiffrida D A Constructive Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy Supervision J Constr Psychol 2015 28 40 52

Haraldseid C Friberg F Aase K Nursing students’ perceptions of factors influencing their learning environment in a clinical skills laboratory: A qualitative study Nurse Educ Today 2015 35 e1 e6 10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.015

Tsui L Faculty attitudes and the development of students’ critical thinking J Gen Educ 2001 50 1 28 10.1353/jge.2001.0008

Froneman K Du Plessis E Koen MP Effective educator-student relationships in nursing education to strengthen nursing students’ resilience. Curationis IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2016 39:1 9

McQueen SA Petrisor B Bhandari M Fahim C McKinnon V Sonnadara RR Examining the barriers to meaningful assessment and feedback in medical training Am J Surg 2016 211 464 475 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.10.002

McCarthy CP McEvoy JW Pimping in Medical Education JAMA 2015 314 2347 10.1001/jama.2015.13570

Kost A Chen FM Socrates was not a pimp: Changing the paradigm of questioning in medical education Acad Med 2015 90 20 24 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000446

Wear D Kokinova M Keck-McNulty C Pimping AJ Perspectives of 4th year medical students Teach Learn Med 2005 17 2 184 191 10.1207/s15328015tlm1702_14

Zundel S Wolf I Christen HJ Huwendiek S What supports students’ education in the operating room? A focus group study including students’ and surgeons’ views Am J Surg 2015 210 951 959 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.03.011

Krupat E Borges NJ Brower RD The Educational Climate Inventory: Measuring Students’ Perceptions of the Preclerkship and Clerkship Settings Acad Med 2017 92 1757 1764 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001730

Shochet RB Colbert-Getz JM Wright SM The Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale Acad Med 2015 90 810 818 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000706

Schönrock-Adema J Visscher M Janet Raat JAN Brand PLP Development and validation of the scan of postgraduate educational environment domains (SPEED): A brief instrument to assess the educational environment in postgraduate medical education PLoS One 2015 10 1 12 10.1371/journal.pone.0137872