Figure 1
Supply chain integrating E-commerce players, Zair, Sefiani, & Fourka (2018).
Table 1
Online compliance checks and enforcement action published, by jurisdiction.
| JURISDICTION | ACTION |
|---|---|
| Australia | Annual checks of whether products sold are correctly registered in the database. Since 2019–2020 this has included online shops. The range of consumer products has increased, from 5 to 12 product groups and the number of consumer products checked has increased to about 10,000/year. The % compliance rate by product group is reported. |
| EU | A series of centrally funded Actions since 2015 have checked compliance and undertaken enforcement on selected product groups in several Member States. Since 2017 this has included checks of online labelling. Headline results (% compliance rates, action taken by authorities) are reported. |
| Switzerland | Annual shop inspections check MEPS and energy label compliance. At least since 2020 (oldest report available) these have included online shops – 10–13 a year. The annual overall compliance rate was reported to 2023. |
| US | The legal authority publishes case documents of enforcement actions due to failure to certify or incorrectly certify a product or to meet MEPS. It is not clear how many of these, if any, relate to online sales. |