Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Discounted LCA and Economic Assessment of Heat Pumps and PV in HORECA Laundry Services Cover

Discounted LCA and Economic Assessment of Heat Pumps and PV in HORECA Laundry Services

Open Access
|Jul 2026

References

  1. Beccali, M, Cellura, M, Longo, S, Nocke, B and Finocchiaro, P. 2012. ‘LCA of a solar heating and cooling system equipped with a small water ammonia absorption chiller’. Solar Energy, 86(5): 14911503. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2012.02.010
  2. BIO Intelligence Service. 2012. ‘Preparatory Studies for Ecodesign Requirements of EuPs (III), ENER Lot 21 – Central heating products that use hot air to distribute heat – Task 8: scenario, policy, impact and sensitivity analysis’. Prepared for the European Commission, DG ENER.
  3. Directive (EU) ‘2023/2413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 October 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources (RED III)’. Official Journal of the European Union, L, 31 October 2023.
  4. Directive (EU) ‘2023/1791 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on energy efficiency (recast)’. Official Journal of the European Union, L 231, 20 September 2023, pp. 1111.
  5. Directive (EU) ‘2022/2464 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 537/2014 and Directive 2013/34/EU as regards corporate sustainability reporting (CSRD)’. Official Journal of the European Union, L 322, 16 December 2022, pp. 1580.
  6. Directive (EU) ‘2023/959 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union (EU ETS2)’. Official Journal of the European Union, L 130, 16 May 2023, pp. 134177.
  7. European Commission. 2021a. Fit for 55: Delivering the EU’s 2030 Climate Target on the way to climate neutrality. COM(2021) 443 final, Brussels.
  8. European Commission. 2021b. Better Regulation Toolbox. Commission Staff Working Document, SWD(2021) 305 final, Brussels.
  9. European Environment Agency (EEA). 2023. Average CO2 emissions from new passenger cars in Europe. EEA Report. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. [Used for passenger vehicle emission equivalent comparison.]
  10. Famiglietti, J, Toppi, T, Pistochini, T, Aprile, M and Motta, M. 2022. ‘Life cycle assessment of a high-temperature heat pump for industrial process heat’. Journal of Cleaner Production, 371: 133648.
  11. Frischknecht, R, Itten, R, Sinha, P, de Wild-Scholten, M, Zhang, J, Fthenakis, V, Kim, HC, Raugei, M and Stucki, M. 2015. ‘Life cycle inventories and life cycle assessment of photovoltaic systems’. International Energy Agency PVPS Task 12, Report T12-04:2015. DOI: 10.2172/1561526
  12. Frischknecht, R, Stolz, P, Krebs, L, de Wild-Scholten, M and Plé, P. 2020. ‘Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaic Systems’. IEA PVPS Task 12, Report T12-19:2020. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. DOI: 10.2172/2308831
  13. Greening, B and Azapagic, A. 2012. ‘Domestic heat pumps: Life cycle environmental impacts and potential implications for the UK’. Energy, 39(1): 205217. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.028
  14. Hellweg, S, Hofstetter, TB and Hungerbühler, K. 2003. ‘Discounting and the environment: should current impacts be weighted differently than impacts occurring in the future?’ The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8(1): 818. DOI: 10.1007/BF02978744
  15. Kruschwitz, A, Karle, A, Schmitz, A and Stamminger, R. 2014. ‘Consumer laundry practices in Germany’. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38(3): 265277. DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12091
  16. Laitala, K, Boks, C and Klepp, IG. 2011. ‘Potential for environmental improvements in laundering’. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35(2): 254264. DOI: 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00968.x
  17. Levasseur, A, Lesage, P, Margni, M, Déschenes, L and Samson, R. 2010. ‘Considering time in LCA: Dynamic LCA and its application to global warming impact assessments’. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(8): 31693174. DOI: 10.1021/es9030003
  18. Marchi, B and Zanoni, S. 2017. ‘Supply chain management for improved energy efficiency: review and opportunities’. Energies, 10(10): 1618. DOI: 10.3390/en10101618
  19. Marchi, B, Savio A, Zanoni, S and Zavanella, LE. 2024. ‘Unlocking sustainability in the HORECA value chain: the power of business models’. Proceedings of the Summer School Francesco Turco.
  20. Nordhaus, WD. 2008. A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies. Yale University Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1npzkh
  21. Pakula, C and Stamminger, R. 2010. ‘Electricity and water consumption for laundry washing by washing machine worldwide’. Energy Efficiency, 3(4): 365382. DOI: 10.1007/s12053-009-9072-8
  22. Paravano, A, Spelgatti, A, Ranelli, F, Ferraro, G, Neri, A, Marchi, B, Zavanella, L, Cagno, E and Locatelli, G. 2025. A CO2-based risk register for power plants. SSRN working paper. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5286063.
  23. PVGIS. 2023. Photovoltaic Geographical Information System. European Commission Joint Research Centre. Available at: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/.
  24. Stern, N. 2007. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511817434
  25. Weitzman, ML. 2001. ‘Gamma discounting’. American Economic Review, 91(1): 260271. DOI: 10.1257/aer.91.1.260
  26. Wernet, G, Bauer, C, Steubing, B, Reinhard, J, Moreno-Ruiz, E and Weidema, B. 2016. ‘The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology’. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21(9): 12181230. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 1
Submitted on: May 8, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 25, 2026
Published on: Jul 29, 2026
Published by: European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (eceee)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Beatrice Marchi, Enrico Bertagna, Lucio E. Zavanella, Simone Zanoni, published by European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (eceee)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 1 (2026): Issue 2