Recognizing the expatriate and transnational distance student: A preliminary demographic exploration in the Republic of Korea

	Expatriate	Transnational	Sub-total
Male	20 (87%)	9 (90%)	29 (87.8%)
Male	20 (20.21) [0]	9 (8.79) [0.01]	29 (87.8%)
Female	3 (13%)	1 (10%)	4 (12.2%)
Female	3 (2.79) [0.02]	1 (1.21) [0.04]	4 (12.2%)
Sub-total	23	10	33

[i] The chi-square statistic is 0.0606. The p-value is .805539.

Table 2

Gender and age at time of program cross-tab and chi-square

	15-24 years old	25-34 years old	35-44 years old	45-54 years old	Subtotal
Male	0 (0%)	11 (96.5%)	12 (80%)	3 (100%)	26 (78.8%)
Male	0.79 (0.79)	11.03 (0.00)	11.82 (0.00)	2.36 (0.17)	26 (78.8%)
Female	1 (100%)	3 (3.5%)	3 (20%)	0 (0%)	7 (21.2%)
Female	0.21 (2.93)	2.97 (0.00)	3.18 (0.01)	0.64 (0.64)	7 (21.2%)
Subtotal	1	14	15	3	33

[i] χ² = 4.536, df = 3, χ²/df = 1.51, P(χ² > 4.536) = 0.2091

[ii] Expected values are displayed in italics

[iii] Individual χ² values are displayed in (parentheses)

Table 3

Gender and expatriation length at time of program cross-tab and chi-square

	0-2 years	3-5 years	6-8 years	9-11 years	15-17 years	18+ years	Sub-total
Male	7 (100%)	12 (92.3%)	6 (85.7%)	3 (75%)	1 (100%)	0 (0%)	29 (87.8%)
Male	6.15 (0.12)	11.42 (0.03)	6.15 (0.00)	3.52 (0.08)	0.88 (0.02)	0.88 (0.88)	29 (87.8%)
Female	0 (0%)	1 (7.7%)	1 (14.3%)	1 (25%)	0 (0%)	1 (100%)	4 (12.2%)
Female	0.85 (0.85)	1.58 (0.21)	0.85 (0.03)	0.48 (0.55)	0.12 (0.12)	0.12 (6.37)	4 (12.2%)
Sub-total	7	13	7	4	1	1	33

[i] χ² = 9.246, df = 5, χ²/df = 1.85, P(χ² > 9.246) = 0.0996

[ii] Expected values are displayed in italics

[iii] Individual χ² values are displayed in (parentheses)

Table 4

Gender and visa type cross-tab and chi-square

	E1	E2	E7	F1	F2	F4	F6	H1	Subtotal
Male	2 (66.7%)	18 (94.7%)	1 (100%)	1 (100%)	4 (80%)	1 (50%)	1 (100%)	1 (100%)	29 (87.8%)
Male	2.64	16.7	0.879	.879	4.39	1.76	0.879	0.879	29 (87.8%)
Female	1 (33.3%)	1 (5.3%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (20%)	1 (50%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	4 (12.2%)
Female	0.364	2.30	0.121	0.121	0.606	0.242	0.121	0.121	4 (12.2%)
Subtotal	3	19	1	1	5	2	1	1	33

[i] Chi-square = 5.64 Degrees of freedom = 7 Probability = 0.582

Table A

Proposed Concepts and Definitions

Term	Delivery Method	Operational Definition
Global Distance Students (GDS)		To encompass all subcategories of international, expatriate, and transnational distance students
International Student	Face-to-Face	A student who requires a student visa to attend the institution onsite.
International Student	Distance	A student who is designated as an international student by proxy of citizenship that is different from that of the institution’s country. No visa is needed to attend online and the student resides in their home country of citizenship.
Expatriate Student	Face-to-Face	A student who does NOT require a student visa to attend the institution onsite by proxy of another non-tourist sojourn status (e.g., working visa, residency visa, dependant visa).
Expatriate Student	Distance	A student who does NOT require a student visa to attend the institution at a distance by virtue of having the same citizenship as the the institute, and sojourns abroad with a legal non-tourist status (e.g., work visa, residency visa, dependant visa).
Transnational Student	Face-to-Face	A student that lives in a geographically dense or deliberately connected group of nations where commuting to country C is possible, while living in country B, and having citizenship from country A. (e.g., the EU). A visa may or may not be necessary for student status.
Transnational Student	Distance	A student whose nationality is different from both their current legal residency, and neither have a visa or citizenship of the institution they are studying at (i.e. a national of nation A, sojourning via a non-tourist visa in nation B, attending a university in nation C). They are designated as an international student by the institution but have local non-tourist sojourn status.

Table B

Demographic information of participants

Demographic factors		% of total	Count (n=33)
Distance student classification	Expatriate	69.7	23
Distance student classification	Transnational	30.3	10
Nationality	Canada	18.2	6
	New Zealand	3.3	1
	United States	54.5	18
	United Kingdom	24.2	8
Gender	Male	87.8	29
Gender	Female	12.1	4
Relationship status	Single, never married	57.6	19
	Married	36.4	12
	Divorced	6	2
Age while completing the program in country	15 - 24	9.1	3
	25 - 34	36.4	12
	35 - 44	45.5	15
	45 - 54	9.1	3
Visa status during the program	E-1	9.1	3
	E-2	54.6	18
	E-7	3	1
	F-1	3	1
	F-2	18.2	6
	F-4	6	2
	F-6	3	1
	H-1	3	1
Geographic location within Korea	Seoul, Teukpyolshi	54.6	18
	Gyunggido	27.3	9
	North Gyeongsangdo	6	2
	South Gyeongsangdo	6	2
	South Jeollado	3	1
	North Chungjeongdo	3	1
Length of expatriation in Korea at time of the program	0-2 years	21.2	7
	3-5 years	39.4	13
	6-8 years	21.2	7
	9-11 years	12.1	4
	15-17 years	3	1
	18 years +	3	1
Employment Status	Full-time	90.9	30
	Part-time	3	1
	Freelance	3	1
	Unemployed and not looking for work	3	1
Number of prior earned degrees (Bachelor’s and higher)	0 degrees	3	1
	1 degree	63.6	21
	2 degrees	24.2	8
	3 degrees	6	2
	4 degrees	3	1
Prior distance course programs taken	0	78.8	26
Prior distance course programs taken	1	21.2	7
Principal industry of employment	Automotive	3	1
	Education	90.9	30
	Government	3	1
	Unemployed	3	1
Average number of courses taken per semester	1-2	63.6	21
	3-4	21.1	7
	5-6	3	1
	6 or more	3	1
	Other	9.1	3
Grade point average	3.6-4.0	69.7	23
	3.1-3.5	9.1	3
	2.6-3.0	3	1
	N/A	12	4
	Other	6	2

Table C

Characteristics of participant’s academic programs

Academic program characteristics		% of total	Count (n=33)
Geographic location of the program	Australia	9.1	3
	United Kingdom	30.3	10
	United States	60.6	20
Type of institution	Public	60.6	20
Type of institution	Private	39.4	13
Program delivery method	Online (100%)	69.7	23
Program delivery method	Hybrid (<100%)	30.3	10
Length of academic semester	7-8 week quarter	12.1	4
	10 week semester	27.3	9
	15-16 week semester	45.5	15
	Other	15.1	5
Level of study	Bachelor’s	6.1	2
	Master’s	84.9	28
	Doctoral	6.1	2
	Certificate	3	1
Cost of program in local currency (1 million won = app. 900 USD)	0-10 million won	18.2	6
	10-20 million won	54.6	18
	20-30 million won	18.2	6
	30-40 million won	3	1
	40-50 million won	6.1	2
Major/focus of program	M.S. Instructional Design & Technology	3	1
	MA TESOL/Applied Linguistics/TESL/TEFL	45.5	15
	M. Education	12	4
	M. Educational Technology	6	2
	M.S. Educational Leadership	3	1
	M.S. International Management	3	1
	M. Business Administration	3	1
	M. Curriculum & Instruction	3	1
	M.F.A. Creative Writing	3	1
	B.S. Communication	3	1
	B. Information Science & Technology	3	1
	Ed.D. Literacy, Culture, & Language Education	3	1
	Ed.D. Educational Technology	3	1
	DELTA Certificate	3	1
	Teacher Licensure	3	1

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.9.4.677 | Journal eISSN: 2304-070X

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 463 - 481

Submitted on: Jul 25, 2017

Accepted on: Oct 11, 2017

Published on: Oct 1, 2017

Published by: International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

distance students,

transnational education,

international education,

demographics,

Korea,

globalisation,

research methodology

© 2017 William H. Stewart, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 9 (2017): Issue 4