

Figure 1
Community building and motivation (extended from Kim, 2000).

Figure 2
The “TOPS” integrated evaluation framework for PLEs



Community building and motivation (extended from Kim, 2000).

The “TOPS” integrated evaluation framework for PLEs
© 2019 Naomi Wahls, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.