Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The Impact of Online Flipped Classrooms in Mathematics Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study Cover

The Impact of Online Flipped Classrooms in Mathematics Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Open Access
|Aug 2026

References

  1. Akçayır, G., & Akçayır, M. (2018). The flipped classroom: A review of its advantages and challenges. Computers & Education, 126, 334345. 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.021
  2. Alpat, M. F., & Görgülü, E. (2024). Transformative learning: Flipped classroom and its impact on writing skill and critical thinking level. Open Praxis, 16(3), 396409. 10.55982/openpraxis.16.3.704
  3. Bahçeci, F., & Çınar, M. (2023). Analysis of reverse classroom model research using bibliometric analysis method. Journal of Education and Humanities, 14(28), 247274. 10.58689/eibd.1289169
  4. Baştürk, S., & Dönmez, G. (2011). Mathematics student teachers’ misconceptions on the limit and continuity concepts. Necatibey Faculty of Education Electronic Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 5(1), 225249. Retrieved from https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423909568.pdf
  5. Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom: Reach every student in every class every day. International Society for Technology in Education.
  6. Bernard, R. M., Abrami, P. C., Borokhovski, E., Wade, C. A., Tamim, R. M., Surkes, M. A., & Bethel, E. C. (2009). A meta-analysis of three types of interaction treatments in distance education. Review of Educational Research, 79(3), 12431289. 10.3102/0034654309333844
  7. Bhagat, K. K., Chang, C. N., & Chang, C. Y. (2016). The impact of the flipped classroom on mathematics concept learning in high school. Educational Technology & Society, 19(3), 134142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.19.3.134
  8. Celik, A., & Işık, A. D. (2025). The effect of a gamified flipped classroom model on reading comprehension and motivation in a primary school social studies course. Technology, Pedagogy and Education. 10.1080/1475939X.2025.2505763
  9. Cevikbas, M. (2021). Student engagement in a flipped secondary mathematics classroom. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 19(6), 12391262. 10.1007/s10763-021-10213-x
  10. Cevikbas, M., & Kaiser, G. (2023). Can flipped classroom pedagogy offer promising perspectives for mathematics education on pandemic-related issues? A systematic literature review. ZDM – Mathematics Education, 55(1), 177191. 10.1007/s11858-022-01388-w
  11. Cevikbas, M., Mießeler, D., & Kaiser, G. (2025). Pre-service mathematics teachers’ experiences and insights into the benefits and challenges of using explanatory videos in flipped modelling education. ZDM – Mathematics Education, 0123456789. 10.1007/s11858-025-01650-x
  12. Chao, C. Y., Chen, Y. T., & Chuang, K. Y. (2015). Exploring students’ learning attitude and achievement in flipped learning supported computer aided design curriculum: A study in high school engineering education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 23(4), 514526. 10.1002/cae.21622
  13. Chen, T., Luo, H., Wang, P., Yin, X., & Yang, J. (2023). The role of pre-class and in-class behaviors in predicting learning performance and experience in flipped classrooms. Heliyon, 9(4). 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15234
  14. Clark, R. M., Kaw, A. K., & Braga Gomes, R. (2022). Adaptive learning: Helpful to the flipped classroom in the online environment of COVID?. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 30(2), 517531. 10.1002/cae.22470
  15. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
  16. Cornu, B. (2002). Limits. In D. Tall (Ed.), Advanced mathematical thinking (pp. 153166). Springer. 10.1007/0-306-47203-1_10
  17. Cuetos, M. J. (2023). Application of the Flipped Classroom Model to Stimulate University Students’ Learning with Online Education. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 13(1), 368380. 10.3926/jotse.1806
  18. Diningrat, S. W. M., Marín, V. I., & Bachri, B. S. (2024). Students’ self-regulated learning strategies in the online flipped classroom. Journal of Educators Online, 21(3).
  19. Diningrat, S. W. M., Setyosari, P., Ulfa, S., & Widiati, U. (2023). The effect of an extended flipped classroom model for fully online learning and its interaction with working memory capacity on students’ reading comprehension. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 12(1), 7799. 10.7821/naer.2023.1.1073
  20. Doyle, A. J., Murphy, C. C., Boland, F., Pawlikowska, T., & Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole, J. (2024). Education in focus: Significant improvements in student learning and satisfaction with ophthalmology teaching delivered using a blended learning approach. Plos One, 19(7), e0305755. 10.1371/journal.pone.0305755
  21. Du, J., Chen, X., Wang, T., Zhao, J., & Li, K. (2023). The effectiveness of the fully online flipped classroom for nursing undergraduates during the COVID-19: Historical control study. Nursing Open, 10(8), 57665776. 10.1002/nop2.1757
  22. Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109132. 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153
  23. Eisenhut, L. A., & Taylor, C. E. (2015). In-class purposes of flipped mathematics educators. Journal of Mathematics Education at Teachers College, 6(2), 3944. 10.7916/jmetc.v6i2.615
  24. Elia, I., Gagatsis, A., Panaoura, A., Zachariades, T., & Zoulinaki, F. (2009). Geometric and algebraic approaches in the concept of “limit” and the impact of the “didactic contract. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 7(4), 765790. 10.1007/S10763-009-9149-Z
  25. Ertem Akbaş, E., & Baki, A. (2020). Evaluation of Students’ Learning the Subject of “Limit-Continuity” in a Computer-Aided Environment according to the SOLO Taxonomy: Action Research. Journal of Computer and Education Research, 8(16), 631671. 10.18009/JCER.743769
  26. Esperanza, P. J., Himang, C., Bongo, M., Selerio, E. Jr., & Ocampo, L. (2023). The utility of a flipped classroom in secondary Mathematics education. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 54(3), 382415. 10.1080/0020739X.2021.1957166
  27. Fu, W. (2021). Research on the teaching mode of internet-based flipped classroom in advanced mathematics courses. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 631, 108111. 10.2991/assehr.k.211216.023
  28. Fung, C. H., Besser, M., & Poon, K. K. (2021). Systematic literature review of flipped classroom in mathematics. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(6), em1978. 10.29333/ejmste/10810
  29. Hao, Y. (2016). Exploring undergraduates’ perspectives and flipped learning readiness in their flipped classrooms. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 8292. 10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.032
  30. Hew, K. F., Jia, C., Gonda, D. E., & Bai, S. (2020). Transitioning to the “new normal” of learning in unpredictable times: pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped classrooms. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1), 122. 10.1186/S41239-020-00234-X
  31. Hung, H. T. (2015). Flipping the classroom for English language learners to foster active learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 8196. 10.1080/09588221.2014.967701
  32. İbili, E., Ölmez, M., İbili, A. B., Bi̇lal, F., Ci̇han, A., & Okumuş, N. (2024). Assessing the effectiveness and student perceptions of synchronous online flipped learning supported by a metaverse-based platform in medical English education: A mixed-methods study. Education and Information Technologies, 29(14), 1864318673. 10.1007/s10639-024-12542-0
  33. Jia, C., Hew, K. F., Bai, S., & Huang, W. (2022). Adaptation of a conventional flipped course to an online flipped format during the Covid-19 pandemic: Student learning performance and engagement. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(2), 281301. 10.1080/15391523.2020.1847220
  34. Jia, C., Hew, K. F., Jiahui, D., & Liuyufeng, L. (2023). Towards a fully online flipped classroom model to support student learning outcomes and engagement: A 2-year design-based study. The Internet and Higher Education, 56, 100878. 10.1016/j.iheduc.2022.100878
  35. Jiang, L., Meng, H., & Zhou, N. (2024). English learners’ readiness for online flipped learning: Interrelationships with motivation and engagement, attitude, and support. Language Teaching Research, 28(5), 20262051. 10.1177/13621688211027459
  36. Kabael, T., Barak, B., & Özdaş, A. (2015). Students’ concept definitions and concept images about limit concept. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 5(1), 88114. 10.18039/ajesi.48087
  37. Karaca, O., Çınarcık, B. Ş., Aşık, A., Sağlam, C., Yiğit, Y., Hakverdi, G., Aykut Yetkiner, A., & Ersin, N. (2024). Impact of fully online flipped classroom on academic achievement in undergraduate dental education: An experimental study. European Journal of Dental Education, 28(1), 212226. 10.1111/eje.12938
  38. Kesici, A. (2018). Examining the impact of mathematics motivation on mathematics achievement in high school students. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 37(2), 177194. 10.7822/omuefd.438550
  39. Korkmaz, S., & Mirici, İ. H. (2023). Converting a conventional flipped class into a synchronous online flipped class during COVID-19: University students’ self-regulation skills and anxiety. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(9), 57465758. 10.1080/10494820.2021.2018615
  40. Kreis, Y., Haas, B., Weinhandl, R., & Lavicza, Z. (2024). Transitioning from lectures to online flipped classrooms: Enhancing pre-service teacher education in Luxembourg. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2425895. 10.1080/2331186X.2024.2425895
  41. Liang, S. (2016). Teaching the concept of limit by using conceptual conflict strategy and Desmos graphing calculator. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 2(1), 3548. 10.21890/ijres.62743
  42. Lo, C. K. M., Kwan, C., & Cho, Y. W. (2024). Impact of online flipped classroom on student learning experience: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Social Work Education, 60(4), 536550. 10.1080/10437797.2024.2338231
  43. Lo, C. K., & Hew, K. F. (2017). A critical review of flipped classroom challenges in K-12 education: Possible solutions and recommendations for future research. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 4. 10.1186/s41039-016-0044-2
  44. Ma, W., & Luo, Q. (2022). Pedagogical practice and students’ perceptions of fully online flipped instruction during COVID-19. Oxford Review of Education, 48(3), 400420. 10.1080/03054985.2021.1994382
  45. Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., & Jones, K. (2013). The effectiveness of online and blended learning: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Teachers College Record, 115(3), 147. 10.1177/016146811311500307
  46. Mok, H. N. (2014). Teaching tip: The flipped classroom. Journal of Information Systems Education, 25(1), 711.
  47. Pimdee, P., Sukkamart, A., Nantha, C., Kantathanawat, T., & Leekitchwatana, P. (2024). Enhancing Thai student-teacher problem-solving skills and academic achievement through a blended problem-based learning approach in online flipped classrooms. Heliyon, 10(7), e29172. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29172
  48. Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 667686. 10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667
  49. Polat, E., Hopcan, S., Albayrak, E., & Yildiz Durak, H. (2022). Examining the effect of feedback type and gender on computing achievements, engagement, flipped learning readiness, and autonomous learning in online flipped classroom. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 30(6), 16411655. 10.1002/cae.22547
  50. Polat, E., Hopcan, S., & Arslantaş, T. K. (2022). The association between flipped learning readiness, engagement, social anxiety, and achievement in online flipped classrooms: A structural equational modeling. Education and Information Technologies, 27(8), 1178111806. 10.1007/s10639-022-11083-8
  51. Polat, H., & Kayaduman, H. (2022). An Emerging Trend in Online Instruction: E-Flipped Classroom. In G. Durak & S. Çankaya (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Managing and Designing Online Courses in Synchronous and Asynchronous Environments (pp. 159177). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. 10.4018/978-1-7998-8701-0.ch008
  52. Polat, H., & Taslibeyaz, E. (2024). Examining interactive videos in an online flipped course context. Education and Information Technologies, 29(5), 58335856. 10.1007/s10639-023-12048-1
  53. Ruiz Palmero, J., Guillen Gamez, F. D., Colomo Magaña, E., & Sánchez Vega, E. (2023). Effectiveness of the flipped classroom in the teaching of mathematics in an online environment: Identification of factors affecting the learning process. Online Learning, 27(2), 304323. 10.24059/olj.v27i2.3239
  54. Sablić, M., & Mirosavljević, A. (2024). Implementing flipped classroom in the digital learning environment. Education and Self Development, 19(1), 3849. 10.26907/esd.19.1.04
  55. Şahin, Ş., & Kılıç, A. (2025). Comparison of face-to-face and online flipped learning: academic achievement, epistemological and pedagogical beliefs. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 17(2), 563577. 10.1108/JARHE-09-2023-0434
  56. Santos Espino, J. M., Afonso Suárez, M. D., & González-Henríquez, J. J. (2020). Video for teaching: Classroom use, instructor self-production and teachers’ preferences in presentation format. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 29(2), 147162. 10.1080/1475939X.2020.1726805
  57. Schoenfeld, A. H. (2016). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics (Reprint). Journal of Education, 196(2), 138. 10.1177/002205741619600202
  58. Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. L., & Pintrich, P. R. (2014). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications (4th ed.). Pearson.
  59. Şenol, A., Dündar, S., Kaya, İ., Gündüz, N., & Temel, H. (2015). Investigation of secondary school mathematics teachers’ opinions on mathematics fear. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 11(2), 653672. 10.17244/eku.78893
  60. Song, Y. (2020). How to flip the classroom in school students’ mathematics learning: Bridging in- and out-of-class activities via innovative strategies. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 29(3), 327345. 10.1080/1475939X.2020.1749721
  61. Stöhr, C., Demazière, C., & Adawi, T. (2020). The polarizing effect of the online flipped classroom. Computers and Education, 147, 103789. 10.1016/J.COMPEDU.2019.103789
  62. Strayer, J. F. (2012). How learning in an inverted classroom influences cooperation, innovation, and task orientation. Learning Environments Research, 15(2), 171193. 10.1007/s10984-012-9108-4
  63. Vejar, E. S., & Raspopovic, M. (2015). Evaluation of flipped classrooms in undergraduate mathematics courses. In Proceedings of 6th Conference on e-Learning held at Belgrade Metropolitan University, Serbia.
  64. Wang, C. C., Wang, Y. C. L., Hsu, Y. H., Lee, H. C., Kang, Y. C., Monrouxe, L. V., Chien, S. J., & Chen, T. C. (2022). Digitizing scoring systems with extended online feedback: A novel approach to interactive teaching and learning in formative OSCE. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 762810. 10.3389/fmed.2021.762810
  65. Wei, X., Cheng, I. L., Chen, N. S., Yang, X., Liu, Y., Dong, Y., Zhai, X., & Kinshuk. (2020). Effect of the flipped classroom on the mathematics performance of middle school students. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68, 14611484. 10.1007/s11423-020-09752-x
  66. Weinhandl, R., Lavicza, Z., & Houghton, T. (2020). Designing online learning environments for flipped approaches in professional mathematics teacher development. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 19, 315337. 10.28945/4573
  67. Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy–value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 6881. 10.1006/ceps.1999.1015
  68. Xu, Y., Chen, C., Feng, D., & Luo, Z. (2022). A survey of college students on the preference for online teaching videos of variable durations in online flipped classroom. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 838106. 10.3389/fpubh.2022.838106
  69. Xu, Y., Chen, C., Ji, M., Xiang, Y., Han, Y., Feng, D., & Luo, Z. (2023). An online flipped classroom approach improves the physiology score and subsequent course scores of the top-performing students. Advances in Physiology Education, 47(3), 538547. 10.1152/advan.00060.2022
  70. Xue, E., Li, J., & Xu, L. (2022). Online education action for defeating COVID-19 in China: An analysis of the system, mechanism and mode. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 54(6), 799811. 10.1080/00131857.2020.1821188
  71. Yang, W., Zhang, X., Chen, X., Lu, J., & Tian, F. (2024). Based case based learning and flipped classroom as a means to improve international students’ active learning and critical thinking ability. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 759. 10.1186/s12909-024-05758-8
  72. Yavuz, M., Balat, Ş., & Kayalı, B. (2025). The effects of artificial intelligence supported flipped classroom applications on learning experience, perception, and artificial intelligence literacy in higher education. Open Praxis, 17(2), 286304. 10.55982/openpraxis.17.2.811
  73. Yıldırım, B. (2024). Flipped TRIZ-STEM: Enhancing teacher training through innovative pedagogy? Education and Information Technologies, 29(9), 1089910929. 10.1007/s10639-023-12242-1
  74. Yıldırım Yakar, Z., Doğru, E., & Yakar, L. (2024). The effect of online flipped learning model on secondary school students’ mathematics lesson in distance education. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Education (KSUJED), 6(2), 155172. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ksued/issue/88560/1486045
  75. Zainuddin, Z., Farida, R., Keumala, C. M., Kurniawan, R., & Iskandar, H. (2022). Synchronous online flip learning with formative gamification quiz: instruction during COVID-19. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 19(2), 236259. 10.1108/ITSE-01-2021-0002
Language: English
Page range: 620 - 637
Submitted on: Jun 24, 2025
Accepted on: Dec 19, 2025
Published on: Aug 4, 2026
Published by: International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Emre Baysal, Hamza Polat, Danyal Soybaş, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.