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Student Perceptions of Open Pedagogy in Higher Education: A Factorial Survey Experiment on Presentation Format, Feedback Type, and Sharing Mode Cover

Student Perceptions of Open Pedagogy in Higher Education: A Factorial Survey Experiment on Presentation Format, Feedback Type, and Sharing Mode

By:   
Open Access
|Aug 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Student Evaluations (Rating Item 1).

Table 1

Base Model, Person Model and Interaction Model (Rating Item 1).

TERMBASE MODELPERSON MODELINTERACTION MODEL
External Sharing0.98 [0.81, 1.20];
p = .865, adj. p = .865
0.98 [0.81, 1.20];
p = .864, adj. p = .931
1.65 [0.24, 11.14];
p = .610, adj. p = .648
Group Presentation1.41 [1.15, 1.72];
p < .001, adj. p < .01
1.40 [1.15, 1.71];
p < .001, adj. p < .01
1.40 [1.15, 1.71];
p < .001, adj. p < .01
Peer Feedback0.70 [0.58, 0.85];
p < .001, adj. p < .01
0.70 [0.58, 0.85];
p < .001, adj. p < .01
0.70 [0.57, 0.85];
p < .001, adj. p < .01
Female1.27 [0.73, 2.22];
p = .403, adj. p = .539
1.42 [0.77, 2.61];
p = .257, adj. p = .569
Semester1.05 [0.98, 1.12];
p = .156, adj. p = .390
1.02 [0.95, 1.10];
p = .532, adj. p = .646
Extraversion1.11 [0.86, 1.43];
p = .431, adj. p = .539
1.16 [0.88, 1.54];
p = .279, adj. p = .569
Agreeableness0.99 [0.73, 1.34];
p = .931, adj. p = .931
1.09 [0.78, 1.52];
p = .601, adj. p = .648
Conscientiousness1.22 [0.89, 1.67];
p = .216, adj. p = .418
1.15 [0.82, 1.62];
p = .425, adj. p = .582
Openness1.14 [0.91, 1.42];
p = .251, adj. p = .418
1.14 [0.90, 1.45];
p = .290, adj. p = .569
Neuroticism0.75 [0.57, 0.99];
p = .041, adj. p = .136
0.78 [0.58, 1.06];
p = .118, adj. p = .414
External Sharing × Extraversion0.90 [0.72, 1.12];
p = .361, adj. p = .569
External Sharing × Agreeableness0.81 [0.62, 1.06];
p = .122, adj. p = .414
External Sharing × Conscientiousness1.13 [0.86, 1.49];
p = .368, adj. p = .569
External Sharing × Openness1.00 [0.83, 1.21];
p = .982, adj. p = .982
External Sharing × Neuroticism0.91 [0.71, 1.16];
p = .445, adj. p = .582
External Sharing × Semester1.05 [0.99, 1.12];
p = .074, adj. p = .414
External Sharing × Female0.79 [0.49, 1.28];
p = .345, adj. p = .569

[i] Note. Values are odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in brackets. p-values are reported before and after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. Models were estimated using cumulative link mixed models with random intercepts for participants.

Table 2

Model Fit Statistics (Rating Item 1).

MODELAICLogLik
Null Model3,709.65–1,849.83
Base Model3,691.60–1,837.80
Person Model3,690.20–1,830.10
Sharing × Person Model3,694.57–1,825.29
Figure 2

Student Evaluations (Rating Item 2).

Table 3

Base Model, Person Model and Interaction Model (Rating Item 2).

TERMBASE MODELPERSON MODELINTERACTION MODEL
External Sharing2.43 [1.99, 2.96];
p < .001, adj. p < .001
2.42 [1.98, 2.96];
p < .001, adj. p < .001
0.20 [0.03, 1.38];
p = .103, adj. p = .427
Group Presentation0.89 [0.73, 1.09];
p = .261, adj. p = .261
0.89 [0.73, 1.09];
p = .257, adj. p = .513
0.90 [0.74, 1.09];
p = .269, adj. p = .571
Peer Feedback1.21 [1.00, 1.48];
p = .052, adj. p = .079
1.21 [1.00, 1.48];
p = .052, adj. p = .261
1.21 [1.00, 1.48];
p = .052, adj. p = .295
Female1.27 [0.66, 2.45];
p = .470, adj. p = .784
1.18 [0.58, 2.39];
p = .645, adj. p = .803
Semester1.00 [0.93, 1.09];
p = .947, adj. p = .947
0.97 [0.89, 1.06];
p = .530, adj. p = .803
Extraversion1.27 [0.94, 1.71];
p = .118, adj. p = .393
1.28 [0.93, 1.77];
p = .125, adj. p = .427
Agreeableness1.06 [0.74, 1.52];
p = .737, adj. p = .947
1.03 [0.70, 1.51];
p = .890, adj. p = .890
Conscientiousness0.96 [0.66, 1.38];
p = .812, adj. p = .947
0.78 [0.52, 1.16];
p = .220, adj. p = .569
Openness1.01 [0.78, 1.31];
p = .939, adj. p = .947
0.98 [0.74, 1.29];
p = .862, adj. p = .890
Neuroticism0.79 [0.57, 1.09];
p = .158, adj. p = .395
0.81 [0.57, 1.15];
p = .234, adj. p = .569
External Sharing × Extraversion0.98 [0.78, 1.22];
p = .840, adj. p = .890
External Sharing × Agreeableness1.07 [0.82, 1.39];
p = .629, adj. p = .803
External Sharing × Conscientiousness1.50 [1.14, 1.98];
p < .01, adj. p = .058
External Sharing × Openness1.08 [0.89, 1.30];
p = .440, adj. p = .803
External Sharing × Neuroticism0.95 [0.74, 1.21];
p = .662, adj. p = .803
External Sharing × Semester1.06 [1.00, 1.13];
p = .041, adj. p = .295
External Sharing × Female1.19 [0.74, 1.91];
p = .483, adj. p = .803

[i] Note. Values are odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in brackets. p-values are reported before and after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. Models were estimated using cumulative link mixed models with random intercepts for participants.

Table 4

Model Fit Statistics (Rating Item 2).

MODELAICLogLik
Null Model3,934.79–1,962.39
Base Model3,858.88–1,921.44
Person Model3,864.65–1,917.32
Sharing × Person Model3,861.55–1,908.78
Figure 3

Student Evaluations (Rating Item 3).

Table 5

Base Model, Person Model and Interaction Model (Rating Item 3).

TERMBASE MODELPERSON MODELINTERACTION MODEL
External Sharing8.11 [6.50, 10.13];
p < .001, adj. p < .001
8.09 [6.48, 10.11];
p < .001, adj. p < .001
0.09 [0.01, 0.60];
p = .013, adj. p = .043
Group Presentation1.32 [1.09, 1.61];
p < .01, adj. p < .01
1.32 [1.09, 1.61];
p < .01, adj. p = .026
1.32 [1.09, 1.61];
p < .01, adj. p = .023
Peer Feedback1.05 [0.86, 1.28];
p = .625, adj. p = .625
1.05 [0.86, 1.27];
p = .631, adj. p = .744
1.04 [0.85, 1.26];
p = .708, adj. p = .803
Female1.77 [1.04, 3.02];
p = .034, adj. p = .108
2.06 [1.13, 3.75];
p = .019, adj. p = .054
Semester1.04 [0.98, 1.11];
p = .197, adj. p = .281
1.03 [0.95, 1.10];
p = .488, adj. p = .638
Extraversion1.28 [1.01, 1.63];
p = .043, adj. p = .108
1.31 [0.99, 1.72];
p = .056, adj. p = .129
Agreeableness0.94 [0.70, 1.25];
p = .670, adj. p = .744
1.02 [0.73, 1.41];
p = .916, adj. p = .969
Conscientiousness0.78 [0.58, 1.05];
p = .102, adj. p = .170
0.48 [0.34, 0.68];
p < .001, adj. p < .001
Openness0.97 [0.79,1.20];
p = .797, adj. p = .797
0.80 [0.63, 1.01];
p = .061, adj. p = .129
Neuroticism0.77 [0.60, 1.01];
p = .057, adj. p = .114
0.79 [0.59, 1.07];
p = .125, adj. p = .229
External Sharing × Extraversion1.0 [0.80, 1.24];
p = .969, adj. p = .969
External Sharing × Agreeableness0.82 [0.63, 1.07];
p = .147, adj. p = .229
External Sharing × Conscientiousness2.68 [2.04, 3.52];
p < .001, adj. p < .001
External Sharing × Openness1.52 [1.25, 1.84];
p < .001, adj. p < .001
External Sharing × Neuroticism0.94 [0.74, 1.20];
p = .615, adj. p = .746
External Sharing × Semester1.04 [0.98, 1.11];
p = .148, adj. p = .229
External Sharing × Female0.79 [0.49, 1.27];
p = .327, adj. p = .463

[i] Note. Values are odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in brackets. p-values are reported before and after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. Models were estimated using cumulative link mixed models with random intercepts for participants.

Table 6

Model Fit Statistics (Rating Item 3).

MODELAICLogLik
Null Model4,221.53–2,105.77
Base Model3,831.65–1,907.83
Person Model3,826.24–1,898.12
Sharing × Person Model3,760.75–1,858.37
Language: English
Page range: 558 - 575
Submitted on: Nov 6, 2025
Accepted on: Feb 6, 2026
Published on: Aug 4, 2026
Published by: International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Pascal Hohaus, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.