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Authors

Aras Bozkurt

arasbozkurt@gmail.com

Anadolu University

Helen Crompton

crompton@odu.edu

Old Dominion University

Robert Farrow

rob.farrow@open.ac.uk

The Open University

Agnes Kukulska-Hulme

agnes.kukulska-hulme@open.ac.uk

The Open University

Jon Dron

jond@athabascau.ca

Athabasca University

Richard West

rickwest@byu.edu

Brigham Young University

Agnieszka (Aga) Palalas

agapalalas@athabascau.ca

Athabasca University

Matt Bower

matt.bower@mq.edu.au

Macquarie University

Junhong Xiao

frankxjh@outlook.com

The Open University of Shantou

Ahmed Tlili

ahmed.tlili23@yahoo.com

Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University

Danah Henriksen

danah.henriksen@asu.edu

Arizona State University

Angelica Pazurek

apazurek@umn.edu

University of Minnesota

Henk Huijser

h.huijser@qut.edu.au

Queensland University of Technology

Thomas K. F. Chiu

tchiu@cuhk.edu.hk

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Petar Jandrić

pjandric@tvz.hr

Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, KR; Zagreb University of Applied Sciences, Zagreb

Katy Jordan

k.jordan@lancaster.ac.uk

Lancaster University

John Curry

johncurry@isu.edu

Idaho State University

Royce Kimmons

roycekimmons@byu.edu

Brigham Young University

Mutlu Cukurova

m.cukurova@ucl.ac.uk

University College London

Thomas Reeves

treeves@uga.edu

The University of Georgia

Gwo-Jen Hwang

gjhwang.academic@gmail.com

National Taichung University of Education

Peter Shea

pshea@albany.edu

University at Albany

Jason Lodge

jason.lodge@uq.edu.au

The University of Queensland

Martin Weller

edtechie@gmail.com

The Open University

Davy Ng

davyngtk@eduhk.hk

The Education University of Hong Kong

Tutaleni Iita Asino

tasino@andrew.cmu.edu

Carnegie Mellon University
Language: English
Page range: 192 - 211
Submitted on: Jan 8, 2026
Accepted on: May 23, 2026
Published on: Jun 2, 2026
Published by: International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Aras Bozkurt, Helen Crompton, Robert Farrow, Agnes Kukulska-Hulme, Jon Dron, Richard West, Agnieszka (Aga) Palalas, Matt Bower, Junhong Xiao, Ahmed Tlili, Danah Henriksen, Angelica Pazurek, Henk Huijser, Thomas K. F. Chiu, Petar Jandrić, Katy Jordan, John Curry, Royce Kimmons, Mutlu Cukurova, Thomas Reeves, Gwo-Jen Hwang, Peter Shea, Jason Lodge, Martin Weller, Davy Ng, Tutaleni Iita Asino, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.