Figure 1
Distribution of questionnaire participants by academic program.
Table 1
The participants involved in the interviews.
| NO | STUDY PROGRAM | MALE | FEMALE | TOTAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Master of Public Administration (MPA) | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2 | Master of Management (MM) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 3 | Master of Mathematics Education (MME) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Master of English Education (MEE) | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | Master of Basic Education (MBE) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Total | 5 | 7 | 12 |
Figure 2
Loading Values of the Impact of Digital Platforms on Student Engagement.
Table 2
Confirmatory Factor Loading for Student Engagement.
| NO | ITEM | LOADING | SE | T-VALUE | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | AI tools encourage me to participate more in collaborative learning activities with other students. | 0.85 | 0.05 | 17.00 | 0.00 |
| 2. | I actively engage in interactive learning activities such as virtual discussions and in-text exercises to enhance my understanding. | 0.88 | 0.04 | 22.00 | 0.00 |
| 3. | The AI-enhanced communication tools improve my interaction with instructors in the ODL environment. | 0.80 | 0.05 | 16.00 | 0.00 |
| 4. | The AI features motivate me to engage with the ODL platform and complete my coursework consistently. | 0.92 | 0.03 | 30.67 | 0.00 |
| 5. | The personalized learning paths and AI feedback increase my motivation to persist in my studies even when faced with challenges. | 0.83 | 0.05 | 16.60 | 0.00 |
| 6. | AI technologies in my ODL courses are effective in maintaining my interest throughout the learning process. | 0.93 | 0.03 | 31.00 | 0.00 |
| 7. | I am satisfied with how AI tools enhance my engagement in the ODL environment. | 0.86 | 0.04 | 21.50 | 0.00 |
| 8. | I engage in meaningful interactions with peers through digital platforms, which support my learning and help me achieve my goals. | 0.79 | 0.05 | 15.80 | 0.00 |
| 9. | The AI integration in my ODL courses provides a personalized learning experience that keeps me engaged. | 0.84 | 0.04 | 21.00 | 0.00 |
Table 3
The Questionnaire Items of the Impact of AI on Self-Regulated Learning.
| NO | ITEM | LOADING | SE | T-VALUE | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | The AI-driven content recommendations and resources provided in my ODL courses are relevant to my learning needs. | 0.90 | 0.03 | 30.00 | 0.00 |
| 2. | I use AI features within the ODL platform to plan, monitor, and reflect on my learning activities. | 0.85 | 0.04 | 21.25 | 0.00 |
| 3. | I actively utilize AI-enabled learning tools (e.g., chatbots, virtual tutors) to monitor my understanding and adjust my learning strategies during my ODL sessions. | 0.88 | 0.04 | 22.00 | 0.00 |
| 4. | I regularly set specific goals for my learning tasks in the ODL environment. | 0.92 | 0.03 | 30.67 | 0.00 |
| 5. | I frequently monitor my progress toward my learning goals using AI-driven tools provided by the platform. | 0.86 | 0.04 | 21.50 | 0.00 |
| 6. | I often evaluate my performance and understanding of the course material through the feedback provided by AI systems. | 0.89 | 0.04 | 22.25 | 0.00 |
| 7. | I adapt my study strategies based on the feedback and progress reports generated by AI tools. | 0.84 | 0.05 | 16.80 | 0.00 |
| 8. | The AI tools in the ODL platform helped me identify the most effective learning strategies based on my previous study patterns. | 0.87 | 0.04 | 21.75 | 0.00 |
| 9. | I effectively manage my study time, balancing my learning activities with other commitments. | 0.82 | 0.05 | 16.40 | 0.00 |
| 10 | The flexibility of the ODL environment allows me to take greater control over my learning processes. | 0.91 | 0.03 | 30.33 | 0.00 |
Figure 3
Loading Values of the Impact of AI on Self-Regulated Learning.
Table 4
The Questionnaire Items of the Digital Tools on Tutor Support and Academic Achievement.
| NO | ITEMS | LOADING | SE | T-VALUE | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | The use of AI-driven tools and feedback has positively impacted my academic performance and overall learning experience. | 0.80 | 0.05 | 16.00 | 0.00 |
| 2. | AI-integrated digital platforms provide timely feedback from tutors, helping me improve my academic performance. | 0.75 | 0.04 | 18.75 | 0.00 |
| 3. | AI tools help tutors find where I need extra support to improve my learning. | 0.70 | 0.06 | 11.67 | 0.00 |
| 4. | AI-driven tools enable tutors to monitor my progress more effectively, ensuring that I stay on track with my academic goals. | 0.85 | 0.05 | 17.00 | 0.00 |
| 5. | AI-based platforms allow tutors to personalize the learning experience based on student’s academic performance and needs. | 0.78 | 0.04 | 19.50 | 0.00 |
| 6. | The use of AI tools by tutors enhances the quality of the learning materials and resources provided to students. | 0.88 | 0.05 | 17.60 | 0.00 |
| 7. | AI tools in the ODL environment enable tutors to create more engaging and interactive learning activities, which positively impact students’ academic achievement. | 0.90 | 0.03 | 30.00 | 0.00 |
| 8. | The AI-enhanced scheduling tools help me coordinate with my tutors more effectively, ensuring the timely completion of assignments. | 0.82 | 0.04 | 20.50 | 0.00 |
| 9. | I utilize available digital tools and AI resources to support my learning effectively. | 0.88 | 0.05 | 17.75 | 0.00 |
| 10 | AI features in the ODL platform help facilitate meaningful interaction with my peers. | 0.78 | 0.05 | 18.75 | 0.00 |
Figure 4
Loading Values of the Digital Tools on Tutor Support and Academic Achievement.