
Developing AI Education Competency Framework: A Systematic Literature Review
References
- Albashiry, N. M., Belhadj, H., & Al-Smadi, M. (2024). A digital competency framework for university teachers: Towards agile and sustainable curriculum. In 2024 ASU International Conference in Emerging Technologies for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems (ICETSIS) (pp. 1491–1494).
IEEE . 10.1109/ICETSIS61505.2024.10459701 - Alipour, K., Ray, A., Lin, X., Schulze, J. P., Yao, Y., & Burachas, G. T. (2020, September). The impact of explanations on AI competency prediction in VQA. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Humanized Computing and Communication with Artificial Intelligence (HCCAI) (pp. 25–32).
IEEE . 10.1109/HCCAI49649.2020.00010 - Allam, H. M., Gyamfi, B., & AlOmar, B. (2025). Sustainable Innovation: Harnessing AI and Living Intelligence to Transform Higher Education. Education Sciences, 15(4), 398. 10.3390/educsci15040398
- AlSagri, H. S., & Sohail, S. S. (2024). Evaluating the role of Artificial Intelligence in sustainable development goals with an emphasis on “quality education”. Discover Sustainability, 5(1), 458. 10.1007/s43621-024-00682-9
- Anton, E., Behne, A., & Teuteberg, F. (2020). The humans behind artificial intelligence – An operationalisation of AI competencies. In Proceedings of the 28th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS2020) (pp. 1–16).
AIS Electronic Library .https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2020_rp/141 - Beck, J., Stern, M., & Haugsjaa, E. (1996). Applications of AI in education. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Student Magazine, 3(1), 11–15. 10.1145/332148.332153
- Bozkurt, A. (2023). Generative AI, synthetic contents, open educational resources (OER), and open educational practices (OEP): A new front in the openness landscape. Open Praxis, 15(3), 178–184. 10.55982/openpraxis.15.3.579
- Chan, C. K. Y. (2023). A comprehensive AI policy education framework for university teaching and learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 1–21. 10.1186/s41239-023-00408-3
- Chauhan, D., Bahad, P., & Jain, J. K. (2024). Sustainable AI: environmental implications, challenges, and opportunities. Explainable AI (XAI) for sustainable development, 1–15. 10.1201/9781003457176-1
- Chiu, T. K., Ahmad, Z., Ismailov, M., & Sanusi, I. T. (2024). What are artificial intelligence literacy and competency for non-engineering? A comprehensive framework to support them. Computers and Education: Open, 5, 100171. 10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100171
- Curry, L., & Docherty, M. (2017). Implementing competency-based education. Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching, 10, 61–73. 10.22329/celt.v10i0.4716
- Fakhri, M. M., Ahmar, A. S., Isma, A., Rosidah, R., & Fadhilatunisa, D. (2024). Exploring generative AI tools frequency: Impacts on attitude, satisfaction, and competency in achieving higher education learning goals. EduLine: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation, 4(1), 196–208. 10.35877/454RI.eduline2592
- Faruqe, F., Watkins, R., & Medsker, L. (2021). Competency model approach to AI literacy: Research-based path from initial framework to model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.05809. 10.54364/AAIML.2022.1140
- Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., … Koedinger, K. R. (2022). Ethics of AI in education: Towards a community-wide framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504–526. 10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1
- Holstein, K., Aleven, V., & Rummel, N. (2020). A conceptual framework for human–AI hybrid adaptivity in education. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2020) (pp. 240–254).
Springer International Publishing . 10.1007/978-3-030-52237-7_20 - Huang, X. (2021). Aims for cultivating students’ key competencies based on artificial intelligence education in China. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 5127–5147. 10.1007/s10639-021-10530-2
- Katoue, M. G., & Schwinghammer, T. L. (2020). Competency–based education in pharmacy: A review of its development, applications, and challenges. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 26(4), 1114–1123. 10.1111/jep.13362
- Khan, S., Mazhar, T., Shahzad, T., Khan, M. A., Rehman, A. U., Saeed, M. M., & Hamam, H. (2025). Harnessing AI for sustainable higher education: Ethical considerations, operational efficiency, and future directions. Discover Sustainability, 6(1), 23. 10.1007/s43621-025-00809-6
- Kim, K., & Kwon, K. (2023). Exploring the AI competencies of elementary school teachers in South Korea. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100137. 10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100137
- Kim, S., Jang, Y., Choi, S., Kim, W., Jung, H., Kim, S., & Kim, H. (2021). Analyzing teacher competency with TPACK for K-12 AI education. Künstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 139–151. 10.1007/s13218-021-00731-9
- Lameras, P., Paraskakis, I., & Konstantinidis, S. (2022). A rudimentary progression model for artificial intelligence in education competencies and skills. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information in Education (pp. 927–936).
Springer . 10.1007/978-3-030-96296-8_84 - Lau, J., Bonilla, J. L., & Gárate, A. (2019). Artificial intelligence and labor: Media and information competencies opportunities for higher education. In Proceedings of the EUROCALL Conference (pp. 619–628).
Springer . 10.1007/978-3-030-13472-3_58 - Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Schirch, J., & Raupach, T. (2022). Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100101. 10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101
- Li, S., & Gu, X. (2023). A risk framework for human-centered artificial intelligence in education: Based on literature review and Delphi-AHP method. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 187–202.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1377937 - Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Paper 209). ACM. 10.1145/3313831.3376727
- Mikeladze, T., Meijer, P. C., & Verhoeff, R. P. (2024). A comprehensive exploration of artificial intelligence competence frameworks for educators: A critical review. European Journal of Education, 59(3),
e12663 . 10.1111/ejed.12663 - Monib, W. K., Qazi, A., Apong, R. A., Azizan, M. T., De Silva, L., & Yassin, H. (2024a). Generative AI and future education: a review, theoretical validation, and authors’ perspective on challenges and solutions. PeerJ Computer Science, 10,
e2105 . 10.7717/peerj-cs.2105 - Monib, W. K., Qazi, A., & Mahmud, M. M. (2025). Exploring learners’ experiences and perceptions of ChatGPT as a learning tool in higher education. Education and Information Technologies, 30(1), 917–939. 10.1007/s10639-024-13065-4
- Monib, W. K., Qazi, A., Silva, L. D., & Mahmud, M. M. (2024b).
Exploring learners’ experiences with ChatGPT in personalized learning . In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Education (WAIE) (pp. 66–70). IEEE. 10.1109/WAIE63876.2024.00019 - Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Su, J., Ng, R. C. W., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Teachers’ AI digital competencies and twenty-first century skills in the post-pandemic world. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(1), 137–161. 10.1007/s11423-023-10203-6
- Picasso, F., Atenas, J., Havemann, L., & Serbati, A. (2024). Advancing critical data and AI literacies through authentic and real-world assessment design using a data justice approach. Open Praxis, 16(3), 291–310. 10.55982/openpraxis.16.3.667
- Santana, M., & Díaz-Fernández, M. (2022). Competencies for the artificial intelligence age: Visualization of the state of the art and future perspectives. Review of Managerial Science, 17(6), 1971–2004. 10.1007/s11846-022-00613-w
- Sanusi, I. T., Olaleye, S. A., Agbo, F. J., & Chiu, T. K. (2022). The role of learners’ competencies in artificial intelligence education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100098. 10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100098
- Schleiss, J., Laupichler, M. C., Raupach, T., & Stober, S. (2023). AI course design planning framework: Developing domain-specific AI education courses. Education Sciences, 13(9), 954. 10.3390/educsci13090954
- Shin, S. (2019). Designing the instructional framework and cognitive learning environment for artificial intelligence education through computational thinking. Journal of Korean Association for Artificial Intelligence Education, 23(6), 639–653. 10.14352/jkaie.2019.23.6.639
- Shin, S. (2021). A study on the framework design of artificial intelligence thinking for artificial intelligence education. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 11(9), 392–397. 10.18178/ijiet.2021.11.9.1540
- Southworth, J., Migliaccio, K., Glover, J., Reed, D., McCarty, C., Brendemuhl, J., & Thomas, A. (2023). Developing a model for AI across the curriculum: Transforming the higher education landscape via innovation in AI literacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100127. 10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100127
- Su, J., & Yang, W. (2023). Unlocking the power of ChatGPT: A framework for applying generative AI in education. ECNU Review of Education, 6(3), 355–366. 10.1177/20965311231168423
- Tenório, K., & Romeike, R. (2023). AI competencies for non-computer science students in undergraduate education: Towards a competency framework. In Proceedings of the 23rd Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (pp. 1–12).
ACM . 10.1145/3631802.3631829 - Thongprasit, J., & Wannapiroon, P. (2022). Framework of artificial intelligence learning platform for education. International Education Studies, 15(1), 76–87. 10.5539/ies.v15n1p76
- Van den Berg, G. (2024). Generative AI and educators: Partnering in using open digital content for transforming education. Open Praxis, 16(2), 130–141. 10.55982/openpraxis.16.2.640
- Xu, W., & Ouyang, F. (2021). A systematic review of AI’s role in the educational system based on a proposed conceptual framework. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 4195–4223. 10.1007/s10639-021-10774-y
- Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. 10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
- Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., … Li, Y. (2021). A review of artificial intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020. Complexity, 2021, Article 8812542, 1–18. 10.1155/2021/8812542
- Zhou, X., Van Brummelen, J., & Lin, P. (2020). Designing AI learning experiences for K-12: Emerging works, future opportunities and a design framework. arXiv preprint.
http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.10228
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.17.4.1012 | Journal eISSN: 2304-070X
Language: English
Page range: 730 - 748
Submitted on: Sep 11, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 18, 2025
Published on: Nov 25, 2025
Published by: International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2025 Malissa Maria Mahmud, Wali Khan Monib, Atika Qazi, Shiau Foong Wong, Chandra Reka Ramachandiran, Siti Norbaya Azizan, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.