Table 1
The values of the Perceived Usefulness Towards the Feedback Scale.
| MODEL | χ2/df | RMSEA | GFI | CFI | NFI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuf-off Criteria | (<3) | (<0.08) | (>0.90) | (>0.90) | (>0.90) |
| One-factor model | 1.222 | 0.06 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 |
Figure 1
Standardized factor loadings of the Perceived Usefulness Towards Feedback Scale.
Table 2
Internal consistency of the Perceived Usefulness Towards Feedback Scale.
| COMPONENTS | N OF ITEMS | CRONBACH’S ALPHA | COMPOSITE RELIABILITY |
|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived Usefulness Towards Feedback | 4 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
Table 3
The values of the Situational Intrinsic Motivation Scale.
| MODEL | χ2/df | RMSEA | GFI | CFI | NFI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cut-off Criteria | (<3) | (<0.08) | (>0.90) | (>0.90) | (>0.90) |
| One-factor model | 1.35 | 0.07 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Figure 2
Standardized Factor Loadings of the Situational Intrinsic Motivation Scale.
Table 4
Internal consistency of the Situational Intrinsic Motivation Scale.
| COMPONENTS | N OF ITEMS | CRONBACH’S ALPHA | COMPOSITE RELIABILITY |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Situational Intrinsic Motivation | 4 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
Figure 3
The schematic overview of the procedure.
Table 5
Affective feedback examples (Jimenez et al., 2018).
| ENCOURAGEMENT PHRASES | EULOGY PHRASES | CONGRATULATION PHRASES |
|---|---|---|
| Come on! | Very good! | Correct! |
| Try harder! | Well done! | Great! |
| Focus! | You are a winner! | Excellent |
| Do not be disappointed! | Perfect! | You got it! |
| You will do it! | You are good! | You did it well! |
| You are doing well! | You are great! | I know you can do it! |
| Keep going! | You are smart! | You have improved! |
Figure 4
Automated elaborated feedback with affective feedback example (if the answer is wrong).
Table 6
Affective feedback used in the study.
| ENCOURAGEMENT (TR) | ENCOURAGEMENT (EN) | EULOGY | EULOGY (EN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aşağıdaki ipucunu dikkate alarak bir daha denemeye ne dersin? :) | How about trying again, taking into consideration the hint below? :) | Very good! | Çok başarılısın :) |
| Daha dikkatli şekilde bir daha denemelisin :) Aşağıdaki açıklama yardımcı olabilir | You should try again carefully :) The explanation could be more helpful. | You are very successful! | Çok iyisin :) |
| Tekrar denemeye ne dersin. İşte sana bir ipucu :) | How about trying again. Here is a hint for you. | You are great! | Harikasın :) |
| Yapabileceğini biliyorum :) | I know you can do it. | Perfect! | Mükemmel :) |
| Verilen ipucuna bakarak bir daha dene, başaracaksın :) | Try one more time by looking at the given hint. You will succeed. |
[i] *Writers translate feedback phrases.
Table 7
Shapiro-Wilk values the intrinsic motivation of students who received different types of feedback.
| FEEDBACK TYPE | SHAPIRO-WILK | p |
|---|---|---|
| Elaborated + affective | 0.965 | 0.461 |
| Only elaborated | 0.967 | 0.536 |
Table 8
Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance of intrinsic motivation according to feedback type.
| F | P | |
|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic motivation | 0.082 | 0.776 |
Table 9
Independent sample t-test of situational intrinsic motivation according to feedback types.
| FEEDBACK TYPE | N | X̃ | SD | MIN. | MAX. | df | t | p(2-TAILED) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elaborated + affective | 28 | 20.36 | 4.55 | 11 | 28 | 53 | 1.000 | 0.329 |
| Only elaborated | 27 | 19.18 | 4.12 | 12 | 27 |
Table 10
Shapiro-Wilk values of perceived usefulness scores of students who received different types of feedback.
| FEEDBACK TYPE | SHAPIRO-WILK | p |
|---|---|---|
| Elaborated + affective | 0.925 | 0.046 |
| Only elaborated | 0.884 | 0.006 |
Table 11
Mann-Whitney U test of perceived usefulness according to feedback types.
| FEEDBACK TYPE | N | M | SD | MIN. | MAX. | X̃ | MANN-WHITNEY U | WILCOXON W | Z | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elaborated + affective | 28 | 16.71 | 2.22 | 11 | 20 | 17 | 353 | 731 | –0.426 | 0.670 |
| Only elaborated | 27 | 16.67 | 2.46 | 13 | 29 | 16 |
Table 12
Shapiro-Wilk values of self-efficacy scores of students who received different types of feedback.
| FEEDBACK TYPE | SHAPIRO-WILK | P |
|---|---|---|
| Elaborated + affective | 0.969 | 0.566 |
| Only elaborated | 0.922 | 0.051 |