Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration: Analysing the Outcomes of Nigeria’s Post-Amnesty Programme
By: Tarila Marclint Ebiede, Arnim Langer and Jale Tosun
References
- Ajibola, IO. 2015. Nigeria’s amnesty program: the role of empowerment in achieving peace and development in post-conflict Niger Delta. Sage Open, 5(3). DOI: 10.1177/2158244015589996
- All Africa.
2015. Nigeria: JTF destroys seven illegal
refineries in Bayelsa. Available at
http://allafrica.com/stories/201502171376.html [Last accessed 17 March 2017]. - Amnesty News.
2013.
Amnesty Programme @ 3: The facts, the figures . Amnesty News, A quarterly newsletter published by the Presidential Amnesty Office. - Autesserre, S. 2010. The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511761034
- Banholzer,
L. 2014.
When do disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration programmes succeed? Discussion Paper 8, DIE – Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2367307 - BBC. 2016.
Nigeria to resume payments to oil militants in Niger
Delta. Available at
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36953269 [Last accessed 27 February 2020]. - Berdal,
M and
Ucko,
D. (eds.). 2009.
Reintegrating Armed Groups after Conflict: Politics , Violence and Transition. Abingdon: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203876497 - Caffrey, L and Munro, E. 2017. A systems approach to policy evaluation. Evaluation, 23(4): 463–78. DOI: 10.1177/1356389017730727
- Daugbjerg, C and Swinbank, A. 2016. Three Decades of Policy Layering and Politically Sustainable Reform in the European Union’s Agricultural Policy. Governance, 29(2): 265–80. DOI: 10.1111/gove.12171
- De Coning, C. 2013. Understanding peacebuilding as essentially local. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(1). DOI: 10.5334/sta.as
- Ebiede, TM. 2011. Conflict drivers: environmental degradation and corruption in the Niger Delta. African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, 1(1): 139–51. DOI: 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.1.1.139
- Ebiede, TM. 2017. Beyond rebellion: Uncaptured dimensions of violent conflicts and the implications for peacebuilding in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. African Security, 10(1): 25–46. DOI: 10.1080/19392206.2016.1270140
- Ebiede,
TM. 2018.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Employment Programmes for Ex-Combatants: A Case Study of Nigeria’s Post Amnesty Programme (PAP) . In: Ayele, S, Glover, D, and Oosterom, M (eds.), Youth Employment and the Private Sector in Africa, IDS Bulletin 49.5. Brighton: IDS. DOI: 10.19088/1968-2018.177 - Ebiede,
TM and
Langer,
A. 2017.
How Amnesty Efforts in the Niger Delta Triggered New
Violence, The Conversation.
https://theconversation.com/how-amnesty-efforts-in-the-niger-delta-triggered-new-violence-74085 (accessed 20 January 2020) - Fajana, S. 2005. Industrial relations in the oil industry in Nigeria. Sectoral Programme Activities Working Paper, International Labour Organisation, Geneva.
- Francis,
P,
LaPin,
D and
Rossiasco,
P. 2011.
Securing Development and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Social and Conflict Analysis for Change . Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Africa Program. - Frantz, JE. 1997. The high cost of policy termination. International Journal of Public Administration, 20(12): 2097–119. DOI: 10.1080/01900699708525288
- Geva-May, I. 2004. Riding the wave of opportunity: Termination in public policy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(3): 309–33. DOI: 10.1093/jopart/muh020
- Gist. 2013
Amnesty: 3 years on . Abuja, Nigeria: Official Publication of the Presidential Amnesty Programme. - Giustozzi,
A. (ed.) 2016.
Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In . Abingdon: Routledge. - Global Terrorism
Database. 2020. Attacks carried out by
Niger Delta Avengers in Nigeria between 2009 to 2018.
https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=b&casualties_max=&start_yearonly=2009&end_yearonly=2018&dtp2=all&success=yes&country=147&perpetrator=40554&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table (accessed 25 March 2020) - Gomis, B. 2018. Measuring ‘Success’ in Countering Terrorism. Canadian International Council, Research Paper Series, 66(1).
- Ikelegbe, A and Umukoro, N. 2016. Exclusion and Peacebuilding in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: An Assessment of the Presidential Amnesty Programme. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 11(2): 25–36. DOI: 10.1080/15423166.2016.1189347
- Iledare,
W and
Suberu,
R. 2010.
Oil and gas resources in the Federal Republic of
Nigeria. Conference on Oil and Gas in Federal
Systems,
March, 3–4 , Washington, DC:World Bank . - Joab-Peterside, S, Okodudu, S, Ekekwe, E, and Zeb-Obipi, I. (eds.) 2011. Perceptions & Reality: Documenting the Amnesty Process in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Centre for Advanced Social Science, CASS.
- Knight, M and Ozerdem, A. 2004. Guns, camps and cash: disarmament, demobilization and reinsertion of former combatants in transitions from war to peace. Journal of Peace Research, 41(4): 499–516. DOI: 10.1177/0022343304044479
- Knill,
C and
Tosun,
J. 2012.
Public Policy: A New Introduction . Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-00800-8 - Kuku,
K. 2012.
Remaking the Niger Delta: Challenges and Opportunities . Surrey, UK: Mandigo Publishing. - Leonardsson, H and Rudd, G. 2015. The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: a literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly, 36(5): 825–39. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1029905
- Macfadyen, G and Huntington, T. 2004. Human capacity development in fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- MacGinty, R. 2010. No war, no peace: Why so many peace processes fail to deliver peace. International Politics, 47(2): 145–162. DOI: 10.1057/ip.2010.4
- Makinde, T. 2005. Problems of policy implementation in developing nations: The Nigerian experience. Journal of Social sciences, 11(1): 6369. DOI: 10.1080/09718923.2005.11892495
- Molloy, D. 2011. DDR: Niger Delta and Sri Lanka — Smoke and Mirrors? Journal of Conflict Transformation & Security, 1(1): 111–32.
- Moody,
J. 2016.
The Niger Delta Avengers: A new threat to oil producers in
Nigeria. Terrorism Monitor,
14(2).
https://jamestown.org/program/the-niger-delta-avengers-a-new-threat-to-oil-producers-in-nigeria/ . - Muggah, R and O’Donnell, C. 2015. Next generation disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4(1). DOI: 10.5334/sta.fs
- National Bureau of
Statistics. 2018.
Labor Force Statistics – Volume 2: Unemployment and Underemployment by State . Abuja, Nigeria. Available athttps://ndlink.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Q3_2018_unemployment_by_State-1.pdf [Last accessed 27 February 2020]. - Nigerian Pilot.
2017. JTF destroys 80 illegal
refineries. Available at
http://nigerianpilot.com/jtf-destroys-80-illegal-refineries/ [Last accessed 16 March 2017]. - Nigerian Post-Amnesty Programme. 2009. Plan for the reintegration of ex-militants in the Niger Delta. Unpublished Official Document.
- Obi, C. 2014. Oil and the Post-Amnesty Programme (PAP): what prospects for sustainable development and peace in the Niger Delta? Review of African Political Economy, 41(140): 249–63. DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2013.872615
- Owolabi,
T. 2017.
Nigeria militant amnesty program faces cash crunch, says
official. Reuters, March
17. Available at
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-oil-idUSKBN16O2GO?il=0 . - Oyadongha,
S. 2015.
Nigeria: Bayelsa Ex-Militants Protest Unpaid Allowance,
Barricade East-West Road. Daily
Independent, June
4. Available at
https://allafrica.com/stories/201506050521.html . - Paes, WC. 2005. The challenges of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration in Liberia. International Peacekeeping, 12(2): 253–61. DOI: 10.1080/13533310500066537
- Paraskova,
T. 2016.
Militants Attack Nigeria’s Trans Forcados Pipeline,
Again. Oil Price, November
2.
http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Militants-Attack-Nigerias-Trans-Forcados-Pipeline-Again.html . - Premium
Times. 2016. Niger Delta
leaders present 16-point demand to Buhari, want oil firms
relocated. Available at
https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/214226-niger-delta-leaders-present-16-point-demand-buhari-want-oil-firms-relocated.html [Last accessed 12 June 2018]. - Punch.
2019. EFCC arraigns Ex-Amnesty boss, accomplice on
alleged fraud. Available at
https://punchng.com/efcc-arraigns-ex-amnesty-boss-accomplice-on-alleged-fraud/ [Last accessed 27 February 2020]. - Richmond, OP. 2010. Resistance and the Post-liberal Peace. Millennium, 38(3): 665–92. DOI: 10.1177/0305829810365017
- SDN. 2013.
Communities not criminals: illegal oil refining in the Niger delta . Nigeria: Port Harcourt. - Streeck,
W and
Thelen,
K. 2005.
Beyond Continuity . Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. New York: Oxford University Press. - The Economist.
2016. Who are the Niger Delta Avengers? Nigeria
faces a second insurgency. The Economist,
July
1. Available at
http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/07/economist-explains . - Thisday.
2016. Urhobo Militia Dares Military, Blows up
Pipeline in Delta. Available at
https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/31/urhobo-militia-dares-military-blows-up-pipeline-in-delta/ (accessed 17 June 2018). - Ukiwo, U. 2015. Timing and Sequencing in Peacebuilding: The Case of Nigeria’s Niger Delta Amnesty Programme. CRPD Working Paper No. 36.
- UN. 2006.
What is DDR? United Nations Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Resource Center. - Vanguard.
2013. JTF destroys illegal refineries in
Bayelsa. Available at
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/jtf-destroys-illegal-refineries-in-bayelsa/ [Last accessed 25 February 2017]. - Vanguard.
2014. From creek warlords to experts in oil
& gas: The story of ex-Niger Delta militants. Available
at
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/creek-warlords-experts-oil-gas-story-ex-niger-delta-militants/ [Last accessed 12 June 2018]. - Vanguard.
2016. N5.6BN Amnesty contract: EFCC grills
ex-deputy speaker Nwuche. Availabe at
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/n5-6bn-amnesty-contract-efcc-grills-ex-deputy-speaker-nwuche/ [Last accessed 12 March 2017]. - Watson,
C. 2009.
Socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants: what role for the European Union? Reintegration Briefing Paper 1.1. London: International Alert. - Zibima,
T. 2015.
From ‘victims’ to ‘perpetrators’: oil-producing rural communities, artisanal crude oil refining and environmental pollution in the Niger Delta . PhD thesis submitted to the Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya, Japan.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.752 | Journal eISSN: 2165-2627
Language: English
Page range: 6 - 6
Submitted on: Sep 20, 2019
Accepted on: Mar 9, 2020
Published on: Apr 16, 2020
Published by: Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2020 Tarila Marclint Ebiede, Arnim Langer, Jale Tosun, published by Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.