A Scoping Review of the Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Institutional Recognition of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Health Professions Education: Using Institutional Logics to Understand Inconsistencies

Lara Varpio; Flynn Jones; Jennifer Lege-Matsuura; Katherine Schultz; Jonathan Amiel; Kim Dunleavy; Gail M. Jensen; Pamela R. Jeffries; Rachel Ellaway

doi:10.5334/pme.2740

A Scoping Review of the Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Institutional Recognition of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Health Professions Education: Using Institutional Logics to Understand Inconsistencies

Volume 15 (2026): Issue 1

By: Lara Varpio , Flynn Jones, Jennifer Lege-Matsuura , Katherine Schultz , Jonathan Amiel, Kim Dunleavy , Gail M. Jensen , Pamela R. Jeffries and Rachel Ellaway

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Abstract

Introduction: The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) is the practice of critically examining student learning to improve teaching and then disseminating insights from this work for others to build on. SoTL often justifies faculty members’ careers in health professions education (HPE); however, SoTL is not universally understood or acknowledged in promotion and tenure (P&T) decisions across HPE institutions. We conducted a scoping review of the published literature to map how SoTL has been conceptualized, realized, and described as institutionally recognized by P&T committees.

Methods: In July 2024 (updated in July 2025 and April 2026), the authors searched 7 databases for peer-reviewed publications referring to any scholarship relating to education, teaching, and/or learning in HPE in the United States. We followed Arksey & O’Malley’s scoping review methodology and incorporated stakeholder feedback. Articles were grouped by discipline: medicine and other health professions.

Results: Of the 4,588 articles identified, 130 were included for full review, with 52 reporting on SoTL activities in medical education (40%) and 78 in other HPE domains (60%). While articles shared core SoTL concepts, SoTL was operationalized in a variety of ways, many blurring the distinction between scholarly teaching and SoTL. The articles demonstrated that SoTL has been inconsistently recognized by P&T committees.

Conclusion: Using Institutional Logics to support analysis, we found that the recognition of SoTL in HPE organizations varies with the degree of alignment between the logics of research and teaching. We propose strategies for increasing this alignment and provide literature-based distinctions between scholarly teaching, SoTL and educational research to support this goal.

References

Hutchings P, Huber MT, Ciccone A. The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Reconsidered: Institutional Integration and Impact. San Francisco. CA: Jossey-Bass; 2011.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kuper A, Albert M, Hodges BD. The origins of the field of medical education research. Acad Med. 2010;85(8):1347–1353. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181dce9a7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Simpson DE, Fincher RM, Hafler JP, Irby DM, Richards BF, Rosenfeld GC, et al. Advancing educators and education by defining the components and evidence associated with educational scholarship. Med Educ. 2007;41(10):1002–1009. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02844.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
World Federation for Medical Education. The Edinburgh Declaration. Medical Education. 1988;22(5):481–482. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1988.tb00788.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Beattie DS. Expanding the view of scholarship: introduction. Acad Med. 2000;75(9):871–876. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-200009000-00006
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gusic ME, Baldwin CD, Chandran L, Rose S, Simpson D, Strobel HW, et al. Evaluating educators using a novel toolbox: applying rigorous criteria flexibly across institutions. Acad Med. 2014;89(7):1006–1011. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000233
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoffman LA, Lufler RS, Brown KM, DeVeau K, DeVaul N, Fatica LM, et al. A review of U.S. Medical schools’ promotion standards for educational excellence. Teach Learn Med. 2020;32(2):184–193. DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2019.1686983
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jacobs MB. Faculty status for clinician-educators: guidelines for evaluation and promotion. Acad Med. 1993;68(2):126–128. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199302000-00004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Irby DM, O’Sullivan PS. Developing and rewarding teachers as educators and scholars: remarkable progress and daunting challenges. Med Educ. 2018;52(1):58–67. DOI: 10.1111/medu.13379
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Innovating Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop: National Academies; 2024 [cited 2024]. Available from: https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/42801_10-2024_scholarship-of-teaching-and-learning-in-health-professions-education-a-workshop.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Boyer EL. Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate. Princeton. NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; 1990.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Glassick CE, Huber MT, Maeroff GI. Scholarship Assessed: Evaluation of the Professoriate. 1 ed. San Francisco. CA: Josey-Bass; 1997.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hutchings P, Shulman LL. The Scholarship of Teaching: New Elaborations, New Developments. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning. 1999;31(5):10–15. DOI: 10.1080/00091389909604218
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Our Legacy 2025 [cited 2025]. Available from: https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/about/who_we_are/our-legacy/.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Anderson S, Allen P, Peckham S, Goodwin N. Asking the right questions: scoping studies in the commissioning of research on the organisation and delivery of health services. Health Res Policy Syst. 2008;6:7. DOI: 10.1186/1478-4505-6-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Davis K, Drey N, Gould D. What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(10):1386–1400. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 2005;8(1):19–32. DOI: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5:69. DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473. DOI: 10.7326/M18-0850
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thomas A, Lubarsky S, Varpio L, Durning SJ, Young ME. Scoping reviews in health professions education: challenges, considerations and lessons learned about epistemology and methodology. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2020;25(4):989–1002. DOI: 10.1007/s10459-019-09932-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Veritas Health Innovation Ltd. Covidence - Better Systematic Review Management: Veritas Health Innovation Ltd; 2025 Available from: https://www.covidence.org/.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schreier M. Qualitative Content Analysis. In: Flick U, editor. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 2014. pp. 170–183. DOI: 10.4135/9781446282243.n12
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Graneheim UH, Lindgren BM, Lundman B. Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;56:29–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thornton PH, Ocasio W. Institutional Logics. In: Royston G, Oliver C, Suddaby R, Sahlin-Andersson K, editors. The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism. London: SAGE Publications; 2008. pp. 99–128. DOI: 10.4135/9781849200387.n4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ander DS, Love JN. The Evolving Definition of Education Scholarship: What the Clinician Educator Needs to Know. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(1):1–3. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2016.12.33326
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Beck Dallaghan GL, Wright ST, Plant J, Butani L, Morgenstern BZ. Educational Relative Value Units as a Measure of Academic Productivity: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e36995. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36995
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blanco M, Prunuske J, DiCorcia M, Learman LA, Mutcheson B, Huang GC. The DoCTRINE Guidelines: Defined Criteria To Report INnovations in Education. Acad Med. 2022;97(5):689–695. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004634
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bockrath R, Osman C, Trainor J, Wang HC, Phatak UP, Richards DG, et al. Education Scholarship Assessment Reconsidered: Expansion of Glassick’s Criteria to Incorporate Health Equity. Acad Med. 2024;99(5):487–492. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005654
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Christiaanse ME, Russell EL, Crandall SJ, Lambros A, Manuel JC, Kirk JK. Development of an asset map of medical education research activity. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2008;28(3):186–193. DOI: 10.1002/chp.173
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Clarke SO, Jordan J, Yarris LM, Fowlkes E, Kurth J, Runde D, et al. The View From the Top: Academic Emergency Department Chairs’ Perspectives on Education Scholarship. AEM Educ Train. 2018;2(1):26–32. DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10070
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cochran A, Stefanidis D, Kibbe MR. Improving the Integrity of Surgical Education Scholarship. JAMA Surg. 2024;159(3):237–238. DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.6672
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Collins J. Teacher or educational scholar? they aren’t the same. J Am Coll Radiol. 2004;1(2):135–139. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2003.11.005
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cottrell S. A matter of explanation: assessment, scholarship of teaching and their disconnect with theoretical development. Med Teach. 2006;28(4):305–308. DOI: 10.1080/01421590600627581
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Crites GE, Gaines JK, Cottrell S, Kalishman S, Gusic M, Mavis B, et al. Medical education scholarship: an introductory guide: AMEE Guide No. 89. Med Teach. 2014;36(8):657–674. DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2014.916791
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Darden AG, DeLeon SD. Transitioning From Medical Educator to Scholarship in Medical Education. Am J Med Sci. 2017;353(2):137–144. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.11.015
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fincher R-ME, Work JA. Perspectives on the scholarship of teaching. Med Educ. 2006;40(4):293–295. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02404.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Franzen D, Cooney R, Chan T, Brown M, Diercks DB. Scholarship by the Clinician-Educator in Emergency Medicine. AEM Educ Train. 2018;2(2):115–120. DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10084
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Geraci SA, Hollander H, Babbott SF, Buranosky R, Devine DR, Kovach RA, et al. AAIM report on master teachers and clinician educators part 4: faculty role and scholarship. Am J Med. 2010;123(11):1065–1069. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.07.005
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Glassick CE. Boyer’s expanded definitions of scholarship, the standards for assessing scholarship, and the elusiveness of the scholarship of teaching. Acad Med. 2000;75(9):877–880. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-200009000-00007
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Greenberg L, Bickel J. Teaching scholarship and the clinician/educator. Pediatr Ann. 2010;39(2):106–110. DOI: 10.3928/00904481-20100120-11
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grigsby RK, Thorndyke L. Perspective: Recognizing and rewarding clinical scholarship. Acad Med. 2011;86(1):127–131. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181ffae5e
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hafler JP, Lovejoy FH, Jr. Scholarly activities recorded in the portfolios of teacher-clinician faculty. Acad Med. 2000;75(6):649–652. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-200006000-00018
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Irby DM, Hodgson CS, Muller JH. Promoting research in medical education at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine. Acad Med. 2004;79(10):981–984. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-200410000-00019
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jacobs CK, Everard KM, Cronholm PF. Promotion of Clinical Educators: A Critical Need in Academic Family Medicine. Fam Med. 2020;52(9):631–634. DOI: 10.22454/FamMed.2020.687091
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jordan J, Jones D, Williams D, Druck J. Publishing Venues for Education Scholarship: A Needs Assessment. Acad Emerg Med. 2016;23(6):731–735. DOI: 10.1111/acem.13003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Klingensmith ME, Anderson KD. Educational scholarship as a route to academic promotion: a depiction of surgical education scholars. Am J Surg. 2006;191(4):533–537. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.01.007
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kyle BN, Corral I, John NJ, Shelton PG. Educational Scholarship and Technology: Resources for a Changing Undergraduate Medical Education Curriculum. Psychiatr Q. 2017;88(2):249–261. DOI: 10.1007/s11126-016-9474-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lamantia J, Kuhn GJ, Searle NS. The CORD Academy for scholarship in education in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17 Suppl 2:S13–S15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00895.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Linaker KL. Radiologists as Educators: A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Chiropr Humanit. 2015;22(1):22–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.echu.2015.09.003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McGaghie WC. Scholarship, publication, and career advancement in health professions education: AMEE Guide No. 43. Med Teach. 2009;31(7):574–590. DOI: 10.1080/01421590903050366
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mennin SP, Cole McGrew M. Scholarship in teaching and best evidence medical education: synergy for teaching and learning. Med Teach. 2000;22(5):468–471. DOI: 10.1080/01421590050110722
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Milner RJ, Flotte TR, Thorndyke LE. Defining Scholarship for Today and Tomorrow. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2023;43(2):133–138. DOI: 10.1097/CEH.0000000000000473
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morahan PS, Fleetwood J. The double helix of activity and scholarship: building a medical education career with limited resources. Med Educ. 2008;42(1):34–44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02976.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nuthalapaty FS, Casey PM, Cullimore AJ, Dugoff L, Abbott JF, Chuang AW, et al. To the point: a primer on medical education research. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(1):9–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.025
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O’Brien BC, Irby DM, Durning SJ, Hamstra SJ, Hu WCY, Gruppen LD, et al. Boyer and Beyond: An Interview Study of Health Professions Education Scholarship Units in the United States and a Synthetic Framework for Scholarship at the Unit Level. Acad Med. 2019;94(6):893–901. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002625
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ruiz JG, Candler CS, Qadri SS, Roos BA. E-learning as evidence of educational scholarship: a survey of chairs of promotion and tenure committees at U.S. medical schools. Acad Med. 2009;84(1):47–57. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181901004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sachdeva AK, Cohen R, Dayton MT, Hebert JC, Jamieson C, Neumayer LA, et al. A new model for recognizing and rewarding the educational accomplishments of surgery faculty. Acad Med. 1999;74(12):1278–1287. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199912000-00007
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schneeweiss R, Ramsey PG, Jonsen AR. Reflections on the Scholarship of Teaching. Academic Medicine. 1997;72(6):481–482. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199706000-00009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schrader C, Barsan WG, Gordon JA, Hollander J, King BR, Lewis R, et al. Scholarship in emergency medicine in an environment of increasing clinical demand: proceedings from the 2007 Association of American Medical Colleges annual meeting. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(6):567–572. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00118.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Scott RP. Our contributions: scholarship revisited. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71(2 Suppl):S30–S54. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02394-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Searle NS, Teal CR, Richards BF, Friedland JA, Weigel NL, Hernandez RA, et al. A standards-based, peer-reviewed teaching award to enhance a medical school’s teaching environment and inform the promotions process. Acad Med. 2012;87(7):870–876. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182584130
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shah BJ, Rose S. Scholarship in education: the currency for career development for clinician-educators in gastroenterology and hepatology. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(4):684–689. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.031
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Simpson DE, Fincher RM. Making a case for the teaching scholar. Acad Med. 1999;74(12):1296–1299. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199912000-00009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Simpson DE, Marcdante KW, Duthie EH, Jr., Sheehan KM, Holloway RL, Towne JB. Valuing educational scholarship at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Acad Med. 2000;75(9):930–934. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-200009000-00016
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smith WL, Collins J, Lanier L, Rao VM. Redefining scholarship in academic radiology. Acad Radiol. 2001;8(9):919–921. DOI: 10.1016/S1076-6332(03)80773-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Turner T, Palazzi D, Ward M, Lorin M. Transforming teaching into scholarship. Clin Teach. 2012;9(6):363–367. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-498X.2012.00597.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wood BP, May W. Academic recognition of educational scholarship. Acad Radiol. 2006;13(2):254–257. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2005.10.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yarris LM, Coates WC. Creating educational leaders: experiences with two education fellowships in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(12):1481–1485. DOI: 10.1111/acem.12042
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yarris LM, Coates WC, Lin M, Lind K, Jordan J, Clarke S, et al. A suggested core content for education scholarship fellowships in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(12):1425–1433. DOI: 10.1111/acem.12032
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gribble ML, Gunther JR, Braunstein SE. Radiation Oncology Education Across the Learning Continuum: Current Challenges and Future Directions. Seminars in Radiation Oncology. 2026;37:150999. DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2026.150999
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parlapalli RS, O’Dorisio N, Frank MG, Merchant NB. Pathways to promotion: Making everyday work count towards scholarship opportunities. J Hosp Med. 2026;21(2):210–214. DOI: 10.1002/jhm.70177
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Defining Scholarship for the Discipline of Nursing. Journal of Professional Nursing. 1999;15(6):372–376. DOI: 10.1016/S8755-7223(99)80068-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Position Statement on Defining Scholarship for the Discipline of Nursing. Journal of Child and Family Nursing. 2000;3(3):244–248.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Defining Scholarship for Academic Nursing. Journal of Professional Nursing. 2018;34(3):149–156. DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.04.004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baker C. Scholarship in Nursing: An Unpopular Subject. The Alumnae Magazine. 1974;14–16.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bartels JE. Understanding Teaching Scholarship - Beyond the Dichotomization. Journal of Professional Nursing. 1997;13(5):278. DOI: 10.1016/S8755-7223(97)80102-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bartels JE. Preparing nursing faculty for baccalaureate-level and graduate-level nursing programs: role preparation for the academy. J Nurs Educ. 2007;46(4):154–158. DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20070401-03
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Becker KL, Dang D, Jordan E, Kub J, Welch A, Smith CA, et al. An evaluation framework for faculty practice. Nurs Outlook. 2007;55(1):44–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2006.10.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brown SA, Cohen SM, Kaeser L, Levine CD, Littleton LY, Meininger JC, et al. Nursing Perspective of Boyer’s Scholarship Paradigm. Nurse Educator. 1995;20(5):26–30. DOI: 10.1097/00006223-199509000-00012
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Butcher HK. Disciplinary Thinking for the Scholarship of Nursing Research. Nurs Sci Q. 2025;38(1):8–17. DOI: 10.1177/08943184241291548
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Clark R, Stanfill AG. Lessons Learned From Pairing Education-Intensive and Research-Intensive Faculty to Increase Scholarship in Nursing. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2021;42(5):323–324. DOI: 10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000822
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Drevdahl DJ, Stackman RW, Purdy JM, Louie BY. Merging reflective inquiry and self-study as a framework for enhancing the scholarship of teaching. J Nurs Educ. 2002;41(9):413–419. DOI: 10.3928/0148-4834-20020901-10
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eddy LL. Evaluation Research as Academic Scholarship. Nursing Education Perspectives. 2007;28(2):77–81.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Everett L, Brown S, Pokorny M, Barnes J, Lee B, Leggett J, et al. Approaches to implementing a philosophy of scholarship. Nurse Educ. 1998;23(1):13–14. DOI: 10.1097/00006223-199801000-00008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Glanville I, Houde S. The scholarship of teaching: implications for nursing faculty. J Prof Nurs. 2004;20(1):7–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2003.12.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hartjes TM. Academic nursing scholarship redefined. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2018;30(12):664–666. DOI: 10.1097/JXX.0000000000000156
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Howard PB, Williams TE, El-Mallakh P, Melander S, Tharp-Barrie K, Lock S, et al. An innovative teaching model in an academic-practice partnership for a Doctor of Nursing Practice program. J Prof Nurs. 2020;36(5):285–291. DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.04.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Matthias AD, Scott MD, Ivins T, Osinski J. Enhancing the Relevance and Use of Information Literacy in Future Nurse Educators. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2021;42(5):327–328. DOI: 10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000848
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McNeal GJ. Academic Scholarship Redefined. The Association of Black Nursing Faculty Foundation Journal. 2014;25(1):3–4.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mignor D. Who Is Going to Teach Undergraduate Clinicals? Nursing Forim. 2000;35(3):21–24. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.2000.tb01000.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Minnick A, Kleinpell R, Norman LD. Promoting Faculty Scholarship: A Clinical Faculty Scholars Program. J Nurs Educ. 2018;57(2):121–125. DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20180123-11
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nosek CM, Scheckel MM, Waterbury T, MacDonald A, Wozney N. The Collaborative Improvement Model: An Interpretive Study of Revising a Curriculum. J Prof Nurs. 2017;33(1):38–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2016.05.006
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oermann MH. Defining and assessing the scholarship of teaching in nursing. J Prof Nurs. 2014;30(5):370–375. DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2014.03.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oermann MH. Building Your Scholarship From Your Teaching: Plan Now. Nurse Educ. 2017;42(5):217. DOI: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000417
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Opacic DA, Roessler E. Defining Scholarship in Physician Assistant Education. The Journal of Physician Assistant Education. 2017;28(3):143–145. DOI: 10.1097/JPA.0000000000000136
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pullen RL. Scholarship in Practice. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy. 2022;20(2):47–48. DOI: 10.1097/01.NME.0000816528.00298.ad
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Raff BS, Arnold J. Faculty Development: An Approach to Scholarship. Nurse Educator. 2001;26(4):156–161. DOI: 10.1097/00006223-200107000-00008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rawnsley MM. Dimensions of scholarship and the advancement of nursing science: articulating a vision. Nurs Sci Q. 2003;16(1):6–13. DOI: 10.1177/0894318402239058
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reece SM, Pearce CW, Melillo KD, Beaudry M. The faculty portfolio: documenting the scholarship of teaching. J Prof Nurs. 2001;17(4):180–186. DOI: 10.1053/jpnu.2001.24861
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Riley JM, Beal J, Levi P, McCausland MP. Revisioning nursing scholarship. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2002;34(4):383–389. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00383.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Robert RR, Pape TM. Scholarship in Nursing: Not an Isolated Concept. MEDSURG Nursing. 2011;20(1):41–44.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sherwen LN. When the mission is teaching: does nursing faculty practice fit? J Prof Nurs. 1998;14(3):137–143. DOI: 10.1016/S8755-7223(98)80088-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shoffner DH, Davis MW, Bowen SM. A model for clinical teaching as a scholarly endeavor. Image J Nurs Sch. 1994;26(3):181–184. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1994.tb00310.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Silva MC. The scholarship of teaching as science and as art. J Nurs Educ. 2012;51(11):599–601. DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20121023-01
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Slimmer L. A teaching mentorship program to facilitate excellence in teaching and learning. J Prof Nurs. 2012;28(3):182–185. DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2011.11.006
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smith MJ, Liehr P. Story theory: advancing nursing practice scholarship. Holist Nurs Pract. 2005;19(6):272–276. DOI: 10.1097/00004650-200511000-00008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spath ML. A Need for Clarity: Scholarship. Scholarly Teaching, and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Nursing Education Perspectives. 2007;28(5):235–236.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Starck PL. Boyer’s multidimensional nature of scholarship: a new framework for schools of nursing. J Prof Nurs. 1996;12(5):268–276. DOI: 10.1016/S8755-7223(96)80006-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stull A, Lantz C. An innovative model for nursing scholarship. J Nurs Educ. 2005;44(11):493–497. DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20051101-04
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sweitzer HF. Getting off to a good start: faculty development in professional programs. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2003;34(6):263–272; quiz 79–80. DOI: 10.3928/0022-0124-20031101-09
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weimer M. Better Scholarship “On” Teaching. Journal of Nursing Education. 2000;39(5):195–196. DOI: 10.3928/0148-4834-20000501-03
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Witt BS, Heinrich KT. Working smart: turning everyday commitments into scholarly outcomes. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2000;31(2):71–75. DOI: 10.3928/0022-0124-20000301-08
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wood SO, Biordi DL, Miller BA, Poncar P, Snelson CM, Banks MJ, et al. Boyer’s model of scholarship applied to a career ladder for nontenured nursing faculty. Nurse Educ. 1998;23(3):33–40. DOI: 10.1097/00006223-199805000-00014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
American Occupational Therapy Association. Scholarship in Occupational Therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2009;63(6):790–796. DOI: 10.5014/ajot.63.6.790
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
American Occupational Therapy Association. Scholarship in Occupational Therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2022;76:1–6. DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2022.76S3011
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Anderson JR, Tunney NM. The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in a Physical Therapy Program. New Directions for Teaching and Learning. 2014;(139):61–76. DOI: 10.1002/tl.20105
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Andurkar S, Fjortoft N, Sincak C, Todd T. Development of a center for teaching excellence. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(7):123. DOI: 10.5688/aj7407123
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Angstadt CN, Nieman LZ, Morahan PS. Strategies to Expand the Definition of Scholarship for the Health Professions. Journal of Allied Health. 1998;27(3):157–161.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bosso JA, Hastings JK, Speedie MK, Rodriguez de Bittner M. Recommendations for the successful pursuit of scholarship by pharmacy practice faculty members. Am J Pharm Educ. 2015;79(1):04. DOI: 10.5688/ajpe79104
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Burns S, Merchant C, Appelt E. Campus Survey on the Status of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) by Health Sciences Faculty. Education. 2013;133(4):502–512.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DiPiro JT. The Scholarship of Teaching. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2004;68(4):96. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9459(24)01570-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dy-Boarman EA, Wippermann B, Janke KK. Scholarly maturation and other factors supporting publishing productivity in educational scholarship for clinical faculty. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2021;13(11):1398–1407. DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.09.019
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fidler DC, Khakoo R, Miller LA. Teaching scholars programs: faculty development for educators in the health professions. Acad Psychiatry. 2007;31(6):472–478. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ap.31.6.472
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Forrest J, Elnaem MH, Gleason SE, Birnie C, Ryan M. White paper on the scholarship of teaching and learning: Expanding the academic pharmacy promotion and tenure process. Pharmacy Education. 2022;22(4):115–122. DOI: 10.46542/pe.2022.224.115122
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Franks AM, Payakachat N. Positioning the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Squarely on the Center of the Desk. Am J Pharm Educ. 2020;84(9):ajpe8046. DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8046
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gupta J, Bilics A. Scholarship and research in occupational therapy education. Am J Occup Ther. 2014;68 Suppl 2:S87–S92. DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2014.012880
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haddad A, Jensen G. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Physical Therapist Education. Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 2005;19(3):3–4. DOI: 10.1097/00001416-200510000-00002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haertlein C, Coppard BM, Royeen CB, Commission on E. Scholarship and occupational therapy (2003 concept paper). Am J Occup Ther. 2003;57(6):641–643. DOI: 10.5014/ajot.57.6.641
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hammel J, Magasi S, Mirza MP, Fischer H, Preissner K, Peterson E, et al. A Scholarship of Practice Revisited: Creating Community-Engaged Occupational Therapy Practitioners, Educators, and Scholars. Occup Ther Health Care. 2015;29(4):352–369. DOI: 10.3109/07380577.2015.1051690
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hinman MR, Darden A. Beyond Scholarly Teaching: Opportunities for Engaging in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Physical Therapist Education. Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 2005;19(3):14–22. DOI: 10.1097/00001416-200510000-00004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Islam MA, Taheri R, McBane S, Talukder R. Faculty assessment of scholarship of teaching and learning among United States pharmacy programs. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2020;12(10):1163–1170. DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.04.025
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jahangiri L, Mucciolo TW. Toward a Model of Institutional Scholarship in Health Professions Education. Journal of Dental Education. 2011;75(12):1569–1576. DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2011.75.12.tb05216.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Karimbux NY. Promoting the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Through Peer Review and Public Presentation. Journal of Dental Education. 2014;78(10):1351–1352. DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2014.78.10.tb05807.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kennedy DR, Beckett RD, O’Donnell LA. Strategies, Ideas, and Lessons Learned While Engaging in SoTL Without Formal Training. Am J Pharm Educ. 2020;84(1):7702. DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7702
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kennedy RH, Gubbins PO, Luer M, Reddy IK, Light KE. Developing and Sustaining a Culture of Scholarship. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2003;67(3):1–18. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9459(24)00680-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lanning SK, McGregor M, Crain G, Van Ness CJ, Keselyak NT, Killip JW. The Status of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Dental Education. Journal of Dental Education. 2014;78(10):1353–1363. DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2014.78.10.tb05808.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Medina M, Hammer D, Rose R, Scott S, Creekmore FM, Pittenger A, et al. Demonstrating Excellence in Pharmacy Teaching Through Scholarship. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. 2011;3:255–259. DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2011.07.008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mehvar R. Why Every Aspect of an Academic Pharmacy Career Should Be Viewed Through the Lens of Scholarship. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017;81(1):2. DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8112
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miller KW. Treating Teaching as a Scholarly Activity. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 1991;55(4):373–375. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9459(24)06517-3
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mospan CM. Management education within pharmacy curricula: A need for innovation. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2017;9(2):171–174. DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2016.11.019
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Musolino GM, Mostrom E. Reflection and the Scholarship of Teaching, Learning, and Assessment. Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 2005;19(3):52–66. DOI: 10.1097/00001416-200510000-00008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peterson CA, Haymore Sandholtz J. New Faculty Development: Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Opportunities. Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 2005;19(3):23–29. DOI: 10.1097/00001416-200510000-00005
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Poirier T, Behnen E. Where and how to search for evidence in the education literature: the WHEEL. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(4):70. DOI: 10.5688/ajpe78470
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Popovich NG, Abel SR. The Need for a Broadened Definition of Faculty Scholarship and Creativity. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2002;66:59–65. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9459(26)01321-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Register SJ, King KM. Promotion and Tenure: Application of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, and Scholarship of Engagement Criteria to Health Professions Education. Health Professions Education. 2018;4(1):39–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.hpe.2017.02.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smesny AL, Williams JS, Brazeau GA, Weber RJ, Matthews HW, Das SK. Barriers to scholarship in dentistry, medicine, nursing, and pharmacy practice faculty. Am J Pharm Educ. 2007;71(5):91. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9459(24)03582-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spake E, Salem A. Setting the Stage: The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 2005;19(3):5–13. DOI: 10.1097/00001416-200510000-00003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spake EF. Perspectives on pediatric physical therapy education. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2014;26(1):2–6. DOI: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wise HH, Brotherton SS, Mitcham MD. From scholarly teaching to the scholarship of teaching: a retrospective look at strategies that foster the transition of scholarly work in allied health into credible forms of scholarship. Journal of Allied Health. 2008;37(1):e50–e60.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DiMaggio PJ, Powell WW. The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review. 1983;48(2):147–160. DOI: 10.2307/2095101
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thornton PH, Ocasio W. Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958–1990. The American Journal of Sociology. 1999;105(3):801–843. DOI: 10.1086/210361
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Battilana J, Dorado S. Building Sustainable Hybrid Organizations: The Case of Commercial Microfinance Organizations. Academy of Management Journal. 2010;53(6):1419–1440. DOI: 10.5465/amj.2010.57318391
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zilber T. Institutionalization as an Interplay between Actions, Meanings, and Actors: The Case of a Rape Crisis Center in Israel. Academy of Management Journal. 2002;45(1):234–254. DOI: 10.2307/3069294
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McPherson CM, Sauder M. Logics in Action: Managing Institutional Complexity in a Drug Court. Administrative Science Quarterly. 2013;58(2):165–196. DOI: 10.1177/0001839213486447
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lounsbury M, Anderson D, Spee P, editors. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol 70: On Practice and Institution: Theorizing the Interface. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing; 2021. DOI: 10.1108/S0733-558X202070
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Besharov ML, Smith WK. Multiple Institutional Logics in Organizations: Explaining Their Varied Nature and Implications. Academy of Management Review. 2014;39(3):364–381. DOI: 10.5465/amr.2011.0431
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hardy C, Maguire S. Institutional Entrepreneurship. In: Greenwood R, Oliver C, Sahlin K, Suddaby R, editors. The SAGE. Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism. SAGE Publications; 2008. pp. 198–217. DOI: 10.4135/9781849200387.n8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thornton PH, Jones C, Kury K. Institutional Logics and Institutional Change in Organizations: Transformation in Accounting, Architecture, and Publishing. Research in the Sociology of Organizations. 2005;23:125–170. DOI: 10.1016/S0733-558X(05)23004-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tracey P, Phillips NW, Jarvis O. Bridging Institutional Entrepreneurship and the Creation of New Organizational Forms: A Multilevel Model. Organization Science. 2011;22(1):60–80. DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1090.0522
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shulman L. From Minsk to Pinsk: Why a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning? Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. 2001;1(1):48–53.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cleland JA, Jamieson S, Kusurkar RA, Ramani S, Wilkinson TJ, van Schalkwyk S. Redefining scholarship for health professions education: AMEE Guide No. 142. Med Teach. 2021;43(7):824–838. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2021.1900555
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Regehr G. It’s NOT rocket science: rethinking our metaphors for research in health professions education. Medical Education. 2009;44(1):31–39. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03418.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Megee PC, Uhley V, Grogan J, Silverman A. Foundational and Clinical Science Integration in a Team-Based Learning Module Modeling Care of a Patient With Dyslipidemia. MedEdPORTAL. 2024;20:11397. DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11397
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Varpio L, Bell R, Hollingworth G, Jalali A, Haidet P, Levine R, et al. Is transferring an educational innovation actually a process of transformation? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2012;17(3):357–367. DOI: 10.1007/s10459-011-9313-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stalmeijer RE, Brown MEL, O’Brien BC. How to discuss transferability of qualitative research in health professions education. Clin Teach. 2024;21(6):e13762. DOI: 10.1111/tct.13762
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pme.2740 | Journal eISSN: 2212-277X

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 482 - 501

Submitted on: May 2, 2026

Accepted on: May 18, 2026

Published on: Jun 5, 2026

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Lara Varpio, Flynn Jones, Jennifer Lege-Matsuura, Katherine Schultz, Jonathan Amiel, Kim Dunleavy, Gail M. Jensen, Pamela R. Jeffries, Rachel Ellaway, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 15 (2026): Issue 1