Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Weaponizing the Appraisal: Justice Violations, Psychological Safety, and Employee Voice in a Saudi Multinational Organization Cover

Weaponizing the Appraisal: Justice Violations, Psychological Safety, and Employee Voice in a Saudi Multinational Organization

By:   
Open Access
|Sep 2026

References

  1. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). Academic Press. 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2
  2. Al-Kahtani, N. S., Allam, Z., & Nawab, S. (2021). Do psychological safety and organizational justice matter for employee well-being in Saudi organizations? Journal of Applied Business Research, 37(3), 87–98.
  3. Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. (2009). The role of overall justice judgments in organizational justice research: A test of mediation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 491–500. 10.1037/a0013203
  4. Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of workplace incivility. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452–471. 10.2307/259136
  5. Aycan, Z. (2005). The interplay between cultural and institutional/structural contingencies in human resource management practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), 1083–1119. 10.1080/09585190500143956
  6. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.
  7. Beekun, R. I., & Badawi, J. A. (2005). Balancing ethical responsibility among multiple organizational stakeholders: The Islamic perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(2), 131–145. 10.1007/s10551-004-8204-5
  8. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor Books.
  9. Bhaskar, R. (1978). A realist theory of science. Harvester Press.
  10. Bies, R. J. (2015). Interactional justice: Looking backward, looking forward. In R. Cropanzano & M. L. Ambrose (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace (pp. 89–107). Oxford University Press.
  11. Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. In R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, & M. H. Bazerman (Eds.), Research on negotiations in organizations (Vol. 1, pp. 43–55). JAI Press.
  12. Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim’s perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 998–1012. 10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.998
  13. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  14. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper et al. (Eds.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 57–71). American Psychological Association. 10.1037/13620-004
  15. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. 10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
  16. Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (3rd ed.). Sage.
  17. Brockner, J., Ackerman, G., Greenberg, J., Gelfand, M. J., Francesco, A. M., Chen, Z. X., Leung, K., Bierbrauer, G., Gomez, C., Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. (2001). Culture and procedural justice: The influence of power distance on reactions to voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(4), 300–315. 10.1006/jesp.2000.1451
  18. Budhwar, P. S., & Mellahi, K. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of human resource management in the Middle East. Edward Elgar Publishing. 10.4337/9781784719524
  19. Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J. H. (2009). High-quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709–729. 10.1002/job.565
  20. Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278–321. 10.1006/obhd.2001.2958
  21. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386–400. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.386
  22. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425–445. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
  23. Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013). Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 199–236. 10.1037/a0031757
  24. Colquitt, J. A., & Zipay, K. P. (2015). Justice, fairness, and employee reactions. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 75–99. 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111457
  25. Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Leskinen, E. A., Huerta, M., & Magley, V. J. (2013). Selective incivility as a form of modern discrimination in organizations: Evidence and impact. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1579–1605. 10.1177/0149206311418835
  26. Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Magley, V. J., & Nelson, K. (2017). Researching rudeness: The past, present, and future of the science of incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 299–313. 10.1037/ocp0000089
  27. Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2009). Patterns and profiles of response to incivility in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 272–288. 10.1037/a0014934
  28. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
  29. Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 479–516. 10.5465/annals.2015.0099
  30. Cunliffe, A. L. (2011). Crafting qualitative research: Morgan and Smircich 30 years on. Organizational Research Methods, 14(4), 647–673. 10.1177/1094428110373658
  31. Danermark, B., Ekstrom, M., Jakobsen, L., & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining society: Critical realism in the social sciences. Routledge.
  32. Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341–352. 10.2307/259378
  33. Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 869–884. 10.5465/amj.2007.26279183
  34. Detert, J. R., & Treviño, L. K. (2010). Speaking up to higher-ups: How supervisors and skip-level leaders influence employee voice. Organization Science, 21(1), 249–270. 10.1287/orsc.1080.0405
  35. Dollard, M. F., Loh, M. Y., & Bailey, T. (2026). The fish rots from the top: how senior management values and priorities shape worker mistreatment through psychosocial safety climate (PSC). European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1–22. 10.1080/1359432X.2026.2648305
  36. Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. 10.2307/2666999
  37. Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1419–1452. 10.1111/1467-6486.00386
  38. Edmondson, A. C. (2019). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons.
  39. Edmondson, A. C., & Bransby, D. P. (2023). Psychological safety comes of age: Observed themes in an established literature. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 55–78. 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-055217
  40. Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23–43. 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305
  41. Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2020). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. V. Einarsen et al. (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Theory, research and practice (3rd ed., pp. 3–53). CRC Press. 10.1201/9780429462528
  42. Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case study. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 301–316). Sage.
  43. Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta-analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165. 10.1111/peps.12183
  44. Gallagher, D. G., & McLean Parks, J. (2001). I pledge thee my troth… contingently: Commitment and the contingent work relationship. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 181–208. 10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00048-6
  45. Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 479–514. 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085559
  46. Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., et al. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332(6033), 1100–1104. 10.1126/science.1197754
  47. Goldman, B. M., Gutek, B. A., Stein, J. H., & Lewis, K. (2006). Employment discrimination in organizations: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management, 32(6), 786–830. 10.1177/0149206306293544
  48. Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 9–22. 10.2307/257990
  49. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 191–215). Sage.
  50. Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. 10.1177/1525822X05279903
  51. Han, G. H., Harms, P. D., & Bai, Y. (2022). Nightmare bosses: The impact of abusive supervision on employees’ sleep, emotions, and creativity. Journal of Business and Psychology, 37(4), 747–762.
  52. Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review, 49(2), 149–164. 10.2307/2095567
  53. Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). Incivility, social undermining, bullying… oh my!: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499–519. 10.1002/job.689
  54. Hershcovis, M. S., & Barling, J. (2010). Towards a multi-foci approach to workplace aggression: A meta-analytic review of outcomes from different perpetrators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1), 24–44. 10.1002/job.621
  55. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage.
  56. Howard, M. C., Cogswell, J. E., & Smith, M. B. (2020). The antecedents and outcomes of workplace ostracism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(6), 577–596. 10.1037/apl0000453
  57. Johnson, J. L., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 627–647. 10.1002/job.207
  58. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. 10.2307/256287
  59. Khan, S., & Mohiya, M. (2020). Determinants of SMEs employees’ creativity and their impact on innovation at workplace. Management Science Letters, 10(16), 3865–3872. 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.025
  60. Kipnis, D. (1972). Does power corrupt? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(1), 33–41. 10.1037/h0033390
  61. Koopman, J., Rosen, C. C., Gabriel, A. S., Puranik, H., Johnson, R. E., & Ferris, D. L. (2022). Why do they keep coming back? A meta-analysis of citizenship performance and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(8), 1324–1348.
  62. Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Netnography: Redefined (2nd ed.). Sage. 10.1002/9781405165518.wbeos0782
  63. Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. 10.2307/2529310
  64. La Sala, A., Iandolo, F., Mohiya, M., Farronato, N., & Caputo, F. (2023). Unfolding resilience in digital platforms from a microfoundations perspective. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 12807–12814. 10.1109/TEM.2023.3282367
  65. Leake, G., Amankwaa, A., & de Pater, I. E. (2025). Workplace mistreatment: A systematic review of interventions and future research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–42.
  66. Leung, K., Smith, P. B., Wang, Z., & Sun, H. (2002). Job satisfaction in joint venture hotels in China: An organizational justice analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(3), 579–588.
  67. Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 27–55). Plenum. 10.1007/978-1-4613-3087-5_2
  68. Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., & Brown, D. J. (2012). Does power distance exacerbate or mitigate the effects of abusive supervision? It depends on the outcome. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 107–123. 10.1037/a0024610
  69. Liang, L. H., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., Ferris, D. L., Hanig, S., & Keeping, L. M. (2022). Why are abusive supervisors abusive? A dual-system self-control model. Academy of Management Journal, 65(4), 1182–1209.
  70. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Kraimer, M. L., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2003). The dual commitments of contingent workers: An examination of contingents’ commitment to the agency and the organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 609–625. 10.1002/job.208
  71. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage. 10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
  72. Lutgen-Sandvik, P. (2006). Take this job and…: Quitting and other forms of resistance to workplace bullying. Communication Monographs, 73(4), 406–433. 10.1080/03637750601024156
  73. Lutgen-Sandvik, P., & Tracy, S. J. (2012). Answering five key questions about workplace bullying: How communication scholarship provides thought leadership for transforming abuse at work. Management Communication Quarterly, 26(1), 3–47. 10.1177/0893318911414400
  74. Mackey, J. D., Ellen, B. P., III., McAllister, C. P., & Alexander, K. C. (2021). The dark side of leadership: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of destructive leadership research. Journal of Business Research, 132, 705–718. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.037
  75. Mellahi, K., & Budhwar, P. S. (2010). Introduction: Islam and human resource management. Personnel Review, 39(6), 685–691. 10.1108/00483481011075558
  76. Mensah, A., Toivanen, S., Jensen, I., & Björklund, C. (2026). Population attributable fractions of workplace mistreatment for mental health problems among employees: evidence from Swedish higher education institutions. Studies in Higher Education, 1–20. 10.1080/03075079.2026.2628871
  77. Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees do not communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453–1476. 10.1111/1467-6486.00387
  78. Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2012). Employees’ behavioral responses to supervisor aggression: An examination of the aggressive modeling and social learning perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 910–920. 10.1037/a0029452
  79. Mohiya, M. (2019). Enterprise social networking (ESN) in the workplace: An investigation of factors affecting employees’ engagement with ESN in a Saudi oil company [Doctoral thesis, University of Glasgow].
  80. Mohiya, M. (2021). A qualitative investigation of employees’ perceptions toward core values in a Saudi organization. Organizational Cultures: An International Journal, 21(1), 91–107. 10.18848/2327-8013/CGP/v21i01/91-107
  81. Mohiya, M. (2023). Unleashing employees’ tacit knowledge toward performance-driven culture in a Saudi Arabian organization. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(6), 1583–1606. 10.1108/JKM-04-2022-0263
  82. Mohiya, M. (2024a). An investigation into employees’ factors of flexible working hours (FWH) for productivity in Saudi: A mixed qualitative triangulation. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 440. 10.1057/s41599-024-02929-2
  83. Mohiya, M. (2024b). What constitutes an employer of choice? A qualitative triangulation investigation. Human Resources for Health, 22, 41. 10.1186/s12960-024-00928-7
  84. Mohiya, M. (2025a). The contribution of frontline and middle management (FMM) in shaping employees’ experience within the organizational communication system (OCS): An exploratory investigation. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(6), 667–683. 10.63332/joph.v5i6.2081
  85. Mohiya, M. (2025b). The effect of social media on employee engagement: The mediating role of job satisfaction and perceived organizational support. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 559. 10.1057/s41599-025-04849-1
  86. Mohiya, M. (2025c). Exploring the role and influence of leadership on employees in HR blog. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals. Advance online publication. 10.4018/IJHCITP.372204
  87. Mohiya, M. (2025d). How much does employees’ trust really matter in using human resources social technology system (HRSTS)? Journal of Posthumanism, 5(5), 2814–2826. 10.63332/joph.v5i5.1675
  88. Mohiya, M. (2025e). The role and influence of organization support to improve employee experience platforms (EXP): Thrive, not just survive. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(5), 1770–1788. 10.63332/joph.v5i5.1562
  89. Mohiya, M. (2025f). Shaping digital workspaces: How organizational social media design and functionality shape employee interaction. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 31(4), 451–473. 10.1007/s10588-025-09409-1
  90. Mohiya, M. (2026a). Employees’ use of internal HR social platforms (IHRSP): A qualitative empirical evaluation. Sustainable Futures, 11, 101763. 10.1016/j.sftr.2026.101763
  91. Mohiya, M. (2026b). How employees read the organization: Organizational social media as institutional signals in Saudi semi-government technology organizations. Kybernetes. Advance online publication. 10.1108/K-02-2026-0368
  92. Mohiya, M. (2026c). The power of “thank you”: Gratitude, recognition, and employee well-being. Scientific Reports. Advance online publication. 10.1038/s41598-026-53613-1
  93. Mohiya, M. (2026d). The role of intellectual capital as a mediator in investigating the relationship between knowledge exchange and organizational performance. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 17(2), 3061–3094. 10.1007/s13132-026-03150-z
  94. Mohiya, M. (2026e). Threshold conditions for employee innovation: Qualitative evidence from hierarchical organizations. Scientific Reports. Advance online publication. 10.1038/s41598-026-60218-1
  95. Mohiya, M. (2026f). Translation of HR social application for employee engagement: A qualitative case study. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2026, 2410365. 10.1155/hbe2/2410365
  96. Mohiya, M. (2026g). Unlocking engagement: How employees experience organizational social platforms. Information Technology & People, 39(5), 2088–2106. 10.1108/ITP-05-2025-0611
  97. Mohiya, M. (2026h). Unmaking the heroic leader: Employee-constructed justice, paradox, and humility. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management. Advance online publication. 10.1108/QROM-02-2026-3315
  98. Mohiya, M. (2026i). Unpacking organizational support for HR technology: A social exchange analysis of enterprise social networking. Kybernetes. Advance online publication. 10.1108/K-04-2025-1113
  99. Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 373–412. 10.5465/19416520.2011.574506
  100. Morrison, E. W. (2014). Employee voice and silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 173–197. 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328
  101. Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725. 10.2307/259200
  102. Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 226–256. 10.2307/259230
  103. Near, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (2016). After the wrongdoing: What managers should know about whistleblowing. Business Horizons, 59(1), 105–114. 10.1016/j.bushor.2015.09.007
  104. Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(7), 941–966. 10.1002/job.413
  105. Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1998). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets. Journal of Management, 24(3), 391–419. 10.1177/014920639802400305
  106. Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521–535. 10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
  107. Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work & Stress, 26(4), 309–332. 10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
  108. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). Sage.
  109. Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2001). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123–137. 10.1016/S0090-2616(00)00019-X
  110. Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2009). The cost of bad behavior: How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. Portfolio. 10.1108/hrmid.2010.04418fae.002
  111. Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34(3), 566–593. 10.1177/0149206308316063
  112. Pereira, V., & Mohiya, M. (2021). Share or hide? Investigating positive and negative employee intentions and organizational support in the context of knowledge sharing and hiding. Journal of Business Research, 129, 368–381. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.011
  113. Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2022). Digital ethnography: Principles and practice (2nd ed.). Sage.
  114. Porath, C. L., & Pearson, C. M. (2013). The price of incivility: Lack of respect hurts morale and the bottom line. Harvard Business Review, 91(1–2), 114–121.
  115. Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245–259. 10.1002/job.4030150306
  116. Rupp, D. E., & Cropanzano, R. (2002). The mediating effects of social exchange relationships in predicting workplace outcomes from multifoci organizational justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(1), 925–946. 10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00036-5
  117. Schat, A. C., Frone, M. R., & Kelloway, E. K. (2006). Prevalence of workplace aggression in the US workforce. In E. K. Kelloway, J. Barling, & J. J. Hurrell Jr. (Eds.), Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 47–89). Sage. 10.4135/9781412976947.n4
  118. Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(S1), S57–S88. 10.1002/job.1976
  119. Simons, T. L. (2002). Behavioral integrity: The perceived alignment between managers’ words and deeds as a research focus. Organization Science, 13(1), 18–35. 10.1287/orsc.13.1.18.543
  120. Simons, T., & Roberson, Q. (2003). Why managers should care about fairness: The effects of aggregate justice perceptions on organizational outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 432–443. 10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.432
  121. Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
  122. Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008). Exploring nonlinearity in employee voice: The effects of personal control and organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 51(6), 1189–1203. 10.5465/amj.2008.35732719
  123. Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178–190. 10.2307/1556375
  124. Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33(3), 261–289. 10.1177/0149206307300812
  125. Tepper, B. J., Simon, L., & Park, H. M. (2017). Abusive supervision. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 123–152. 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062539
  126. Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. In C. Willig & W. Stainton-Rogers (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology (2nd ed., pp. 17–37). Sage. 10.4135/9781526405555.n2
  127. Thibaut, J. W., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  128. Tracy, S. J. (2020). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  129. Tracy, S. J., Lutgen-Sandvik, P., & Alberts, J. K. (2006). Nightmares, demons, and enslaved people: Exploring the painful metaphors of workplace bullying. Management Communication Quarterly, 20(2), 148–185. 10.1177/0893318906291980
  130. Treviño, L. K., den Nieuwenboer, N. A., & Kish-Gephart, J. J. (2014). (Un)ethical behavior in organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 635–660. 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143745
  131. Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36(5), 1117–1142. 10.1177/0149206309352246
  132. Vakola, M., & Bouradas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organizational silence: An empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5), 441–458. 10.1108/01425450510611997
  133. Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (1998). Organizational citizenship behavior of contingent workers in Singapore. Academy of Management Journal, 41(6), 692–703. 10.2307/256965
  134. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1519 | Journal eISSN: 0033-2879
Language: English
Page range: 130 - 156
Submitted on: Mar 5, 2026
Accepted on: Sep 1, 2026
Published on: Sep 23, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Mohamed Mohiya, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.