Table 1
Indicators of student engagement (Adapted from Bond et al. Manuscript in preparation).
| Cognitive engagement | Affective engagement | Behavioural engagement |
|---|---|---|
| Purposeful | Enthusiasm | Effort |
| Integrating ideas | Sense of belonging | Attention/focus |
| Critical thinking | Satisfaction | Developing agency |
| Setting learning goals | Curiosity | Attendance |
| Self-regulation | Sees relevance | Attempting |
| Operational reasoning | Interest | Homework completion |
| Trying to understand | Sense of wellbeing | Positive conduct |
| Reflection | Vitality/zest | Action/initiation |
| Focus/concentration | Feeling appreciated | Confidence |
| Deep learning | Manages expectations | Participation/involvement |
| Learning from peers | Enjoyment | Asking teacher or peers for help |
| Justifying decisions | Pride | Assuming responsibility |
| Understanding | Excitement | Identifying opportunities/challenges |
| Doing extra to learn more | Desire to do well | Developing multidisciplinary skills |
| Follow through/care/thoroughness | Positive interactions with peers and teachers | Supporting and encouraging peers |
| Positive self-perceptions and self-efficacy | Sense of connectedness to school/university/within classroom | Interaction (peers, teacher, content, technology) |
| Preference for challenging tasks | ||
| Teaching self and peers | Positive attitude about learning/values learning | Study habits/accessing course material |
| Use of sophisticated learning strategies | Time on task/staying on task/persistence | |
| Positive perceptions of teacher support |
Figure 1
Bioecological model of influences on student engagement, based on Bond (2019) and adapted from Bronfenbrenner and colleagues (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1986; Bronfenbrenner and Ceci, 1994).
Figure 2
Internal psychosocial influences on student engagement.
Figure 3
Learning environment and technology influences on student engagement.
Figure 4
Teacher influences on student engagement.
Figure 5
Curriculum/activity influences on student engagement.
Figure 6
Peer influences on student engagement.
Figure 7
Family influences on student engagement.
Figure 8
Short and long term outcomes of student engagement.
Figure 9
Student engagement framework.