Building space heating and cooling in NDCs 4.0
References
- Buildings & Cities. (2026). New UK National Buildings Database.
https://www.buildingsandcities.org/insights/news/national-buildings-database.html - ETC. (2025). Achieving zero-carbon buildings: Electric, efficient and flexible. Energy Transitions Commission (ETC).
https://www.energy-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ETC_Buildings-Decarbonisation-Report_DIGITALFINAL.pdf - GlobalABC. (2023). Global status report for buildings and construction: Beyond foundations: Mainstreaming sustainable solutions to cut emissions from the buildings sector. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (Global ABC).
https://globalabc.org/resources/publications/global-status-report-buildings-and-construction-beyond-foundations - Habert, G., Röck, M., Steininger, K., Lupisek, A., Birgisdottir, H., Desing, H., … Lützkendorf, T. (2020). Carbon budgets for buildings: harmonising temporal, spatial and sectoral dimensions. Buildings & Cities, 1(1), 429–452. 10.5334/bc.47
- Hong, T., Malik, J., Langevin, J., Liu, Z., & Yan, D. (2025). Ten questions on building stock modeling to inform energy efficiency and sustainability. Building and Environment, 284,
113465 . 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113465 - IEA. (2023a). Tracking buildings. International Energy Agency (IEA).
https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings - IEA. (2023b). Keeping cool in a hotter world is using more energy, making efficiency more important than ever. International Energy Agency (IEA).
https://www.iea.org/commentaries/keeping-cool-in-a-hotter-world-is-using-more-energy-making-efficiency-more-important-than-ever - IEA. (2023c). The energy efficiency policy package: Key catalyst for building decarbonisation and climate action.
https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-energy-efficiency-policy-package-key-catalyst-for-building-decarbonisation-and-climate-action - ISO. (2017). ISO 16745-1:2017—Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works—Carbon metric of an existing building during use stage, Part 1: Calculation, reporting and communication. International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
https://www.iso.org/standard/69969.html?browse=tc - Ritchie, H. (2024). Air conditioning causes around 3% of greenhouse gas emissions. How will this change in the future? OurWorldinData.org.
https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260518-093348/air-conditioning-causes-around-greenhouse-gas-emissions-will-change-future.html - UNESCAP. (2021). Sustainable cooling in the Asia-Pacific region: Tackling climate change and enhancing quality of life—Policy Brief. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).
https://www.unescap.org/kp/2021/sustainable-cooling-asia-pacific-region-tackling-climate-change-and-enhancing-quality-life# - UN-Habitat. (2026). Urban content in NDC 3.0—A snapshot of 128 NDCs. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).
https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2026/02/urban_content_in_ndc_3.0._a_global_snapshot_updated-128_ndcs.pdf - WGBC. (n.d.). Building the transition roadmaps. World Green Building Council (WGBC).
https://worldgbc.org/building-the-transition-roadmaps/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.873 | Journal eISSN: 2632-6655
Language: English
Page range: 1119 - 1127
Submitted on: May 25, 2026
Accepted on: Sep 28, 2026
Published on: Oct 12, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2026 Thomas P. Lützkendorf, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.