Figure 1
Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from the operation of residential and non-residential buildings at a global level, 2022.
Sources: Adapted from ETC (2025), IEA (2023c) and GlobalABC (2023).
Figure 2
Building-related operational greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by end use at a global level, 2022.
Table 1
Overview of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions associated with the construction, operation and use of buildings in the national building stock.
| BUILDINGS CLASSIFICATION: | RESIDENTIALBUILDINGS | NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INDICATOR: | ANNUAL GHG EMISSIONS | |||||||
| GHG EMISSIONS, CAUSED BY …: | SCOPE 1: DIRECT ENERGY-RELATED GHG EMISSIONSa | SCOPE 2: INDIRECT ENERGY-RELATED GHG EMISSIONS | SCOPE 3: OTHER INDIRECT GHG EMISSIONS | SCOPE 1: DIRECT-ENERGY RELATED GHG EMISSIONSa | SCOPE 2: INDIRECT ENERGY-RELATED GHG EMISSIONS | SCOPE 3: OTHER INDIRECT GHG EMISSIONS | ||
| Operation of buildingsb | Building-related energy use, regulated and non-regulated in energy codes | Energy for space heatingc | ||||||
| Energy for water heating/domestic hot water | ||||||||
| Energy for space coolingc | ||||||||
| Energy for air movement/ventilation | ||||||||
| Energy for lightingc | ||||||||
| Energy for indoor transportation (elevators) | ||||||||
| Energy for building auxiliary devices | ||||||||
| Use of buildingsb | User and use-related energy use, mostly non-regulated | Energy for supplementary lighting | ||||||
| Energy for household/office appliances | ||||||||
| Energy for cooking | ||||||||
| Energy for refrigeration | ||||||||
| Energy for devices in data centres | ||||||||
| Energy for other specific functional devices | ||||||||
| New construction, maintenance, repair, replacement of components, refurbishment and deconstruction of buildings | Raw material supply | |||||||
| Construction product manufactured | ||||||||
| Transporte | ||||||||
| Construction processes onsitef | ||||||||
| Waste processing | ||||||||
| Final disposal | ||||||||
| Other special aspects | Emissions from refrigerants in HVAC systems | |||||||
| Emissions from refrigerants in refrigerators | ||||||||
| Emissions from land use and land-use change | ||||||||
[i] Note: aSubdivided in CO2 emissions and emissions of other GHGs.
bIn line with ISO (2017).
cFixed and plug in.
dEnergy- and process-related aspects.
eIncluding transports of raw materials, transport to and from sites, and transport onsite.
fIncluding construction, maintenance, repair, replacement of components, refurbishment and deconstruction.
HVAC = heating, ventilation and air-conditioning. Darker boxes = starting point; lighter boxes = not applicable/not to be filled in.