Abstract
Living labs (LLs) have emerged as a prominent vehicle for open, user-centric innovation; however, systematic evaluations of their effectiveness remain scarce. This assessment gap is addressed by conducting a systematic literature review that assesses the efficacy of LLs. Building on four types of LLs derived from the literature, the paper identifies a fifth type: network-driven LLs. A classification of evaluation frameworks is created: outcome-, impact-, effectiveness- and hybrid-oriented categories. The parameters for success are consolidated into five analytical dimensions: economic and business value; user-centricity; innovation; knowledge and learning; and societal impact. The study offers conceptual clarity and practical guidance: (1) it provides a differentiated view of evaluation frameworks that reflect the diverse ambitions of LLs; and (2) it classifies success parameters across multiple analytical dimensions. These insights contribute to a more structured and differentiated understanding of the performance of LLs and provide a foundation for developing more targeted evaluation strategies. Future research should therefore test these frameworks in real-world settings and develop adaptable tools to assess LL effectiveness more rigorously.
PRACTICE RELEVANCE
LLs offer a powerful way to co-create and test innovations with real users in real-world settings. However, many LLs lack clear criteria for measuring success and long-term value. This study helps practitioners, policymakers and innovation managers by identifying how LLs can be evaluated more effectively. Based on an extensive literature review, it outlines different types of LLs and proposes practical categories for measuring their outcomes, including user satisfaction, innovation impact and societal benefit. A structured framework is created to help LL organisers and stakeholders align their goals with suitable evaluation methods. By highlighting what works and what does not, this research supports more strategic planning, better stakeholder engagement and improved decision-making in LL projects. It offers insights into how LLs can generate lasting value beyond project life-cycles, making them more relevant, sustainable and impactful.