Quantifying inter-dwelling air exchanges during fan pressurisation tests
References
- ATTMA. (2016). Technical standard L1: Measuring air permeability in the envelopes of dwellings. Air Tightness Testing and Measurement Association (ATTMA). 2010 issue https://www.bindt.org/downloads/ATTMA%20TSL1%20Issue%201.pdf; 2021 issue:
https://www.bcta.group/attma/download/attma-tsl1/# - BRE. (2023). SAP 10.2: The government’s standard assessment procedure for energy rating of dwellings, version 10.2 (11-04-2023). Building Research Establishment (BRE).
https://files.bregroup.com/SAP/SAP10_2_software_2023-04-20.pdf - BSI. (2023). PAS 2035:2023: Retrofitting dwellings for improved energy efficiency—Specification and guidance. British Standards Institute (BSI).
https://retrofitacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PAS2035_2023.pdf - Cabeza, L. F., Bai, Q., Bertoldi, P., Kihila, J. M., Lucena, A. F. P., Mata, E., Mirasgedis, S., Novikova, A., & Saheb, Y. (2022).
Buildings . In Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 953–1048). Cambridge University Press.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter09.pdf - Cardoso, V. E. M., Ramos, N. M. M., Almeida, R. M. S. F., Almeida, M., Pereira, P. F., & Prignon, M. (2020). Reliability of quantitative and qualitative assessment of air leakage paths through reductive sealing. Building and Environment, 183, 107151. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107151
- Coakley, D., Raftery, P., & Keane, M. (2014). A review of methods to match building energy simulation models to measured data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 123–141. 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.007
- Colijn, M., Entrop, A. G., & Toxopeus, M. E. (2017). Evaluating the effectiveness of improved workmanship quality on the airtightness of Dutch detached houses. Energy Procedia, 132, 843–848. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.670
- Diamond, R. C., Modera, M., & Feustel, H. E. (1986). Ventilation and occupant behavior in two apartment buildings. Paper presented at the 7th Air Infiltration Centre Conference, Occupant Interaction with Ventilation Systems, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK,
29 September–2 October 1986 .https://escholarship.org/content/qt2k93q0dc/qt2k93q0dc.pdf - EST. (2006). Good practice guide 268: Energy efficient ventilation in dwellings—A guide for specifiers. Energy Saving Trust (EST).
https://feta.co.uk/client/files/HEVAC/GPG268_-_Energy_efficient_ventilation_in_dwellings.pdf - European Commission. (2018). Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. Official Journal of the European Union.
http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/844/oj - Eyre, N., Fawcett, T., Topouzi, M., Killip, G., Oreszczyn, T., Jenkinson, K., Rosenow, J. (2023). Fabric first: Is it still the right approach? Buildings & Cities, 4, 965–972. 10.5334/bc.388
- Feustel, H. E., & Sherman, M. H. (1989). A simplified model for predicting air flow in multizone structures. Energy and Buildings, 13, 217–230. 10.1016/0378-7788(89)90034-0
- Few, J., Manouseli, D., McKenna, E., Pullinger, M., Zapata-Webborn, E., Elam, S., Shipworth, D., & Oreszczyn, T. (2023). The over-prediction of energy use by EPCs in Great Britain: A comparison of EPC-modelled and metered primary energy use intensity. Energy and Buildings, 288, 113024. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113024
- Fine, J. P., Lozinsky, C. H., & Touchie, M. F. (2021). Development of the selective pressure neutralization method—An air tightness test method for exterior pressure boundary characterization in high-rise residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 240, 110905. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110905
- Froňka, A., & Moučka, L. (2005). Blower door method and measurement technology in radon diagnosis. International Science Congress, 1276, 377–378. 10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.140
- Galvin, R., & Sunikka-Blank, M. (2016). Quantification of (p)rebound effects in retrofit policies—Why does it matter? Energy, 95, 415–424. 10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.034
- Ganesh, G. A., Sinha, S. L., Verma, T. N., & Dewangan, S. K. (2021). Investigation of indoor environment quality and factors affecting human comfort: A critical review. Building and Environment, 204, 108146. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108146
- Gillard, R., Snell, C., & Bevan, M. (2017). Advancing an energy justice perspective of fuel poverty: Household vulnerability and domestic retrofit policy in the United Kingdom. Energy Research & Social Science, 29, 53–61. 10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.012
- Glew, D., Collett, M., Fletcher, M., Hardy, A., Jones, B., Miles-Shenton, D., Morland, K., Parker, J., Rakhshanbabanari, K., Thomas, F., & Tsang, C. (2024a). DEEP Report 3.00: Energy efficiency surveys. Department for Energy Security & Net Zero.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6717baede319b91ef09e3853/3._DEEP_Surveys_Report.pdf - Glew, D., Collett, M., Fletcher, M., Jones, B., Miles-Shenton, D., Morland, K., Parker, J., Rakhshanbabanari, K., Thomas, F., & Tsang, C. (2024b). Demonstration of energy efficiency potential (DEEP): Report 2.00—Case studies summary. Department for Energy Security & Net Zero.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6717a7bc194d62fb6854056a/2.00_DEEP_Case_Studies_Summary.pdf - Godefroy, J. (2022). Testing buildings for air leakage (CIBSE TM23: 2022).
https://www.cibse.org/knowledge-research/knowledge-portal/tm23-testing-buildings-for-air-leakage-2022/ - Gorse, C., Glew, D., Johnston, D., Fylan, F., Miles-Shenton, D., Smith, M., Brooke-Peat, M., Farmer, D., Stafford, A., Parker, J., Fletcher, M., & Thomas, F. (2017). Core cities Green Deal monitoring project. Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC).
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82e23540f0b6230269d34b/Leeds_Core_Cities_Green_Deal_Final_Report.pdf - Hassan, H., Mishra, A. K., Wemken, N., O’Dea, P., Cowie, H., McIntyre, B., & Coggins, A. M. (2024). Deep energy renovations’ impact on indoor air quality and thermal comfort of residential dwellings in Ireland—ARDEN project. Building and Environment, 259, 111637. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111637
- Heo, Y., Choudhary, R., & Augenbroe, G. A. (2012). Calibration of building energy models for retrofit analysis under uncertainty. Energy and Buildings, 47, 550–560. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.029
- Herrlin, M. K., & Modera, M. P. (1988). Analysis of errors for a fan-pressurization technique for measuring inter-zonal air leakage. Paper presented at the 9th AIVC Conference, Gent, Belgium
12–15 September 1988 .http://www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/Conf/1988/Herrlin.pdf - HM Government. (2021a). Approved Document L: Conservation of fuel and power. Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings—2021 Edition incorporating 2023 amendments.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/63d8edbde90e0773d8af2c98/Approved_Document_L__Conservation_of_fuel_and_power__Volume_2_Buildings_other_than_dwellings__2021_edition_incorporating_2023_amendments.pdf - HM Government. (2021b). Approved Document F: Ventilation. Volume 1: Dwellings—2021 Edition.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/61deba42d3bf7f054fcc243d/ADF1.pdf - HM Government. (2023). Approved Document L: Conservation of fuel and power. Volume 1: Dwellings—2021 Edition incorporating 2023 amendments.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/662a2e3e55e1582b6ca7e592/Approved_Document_L__Conservation_of_fuel_and_power__Volume_1_Dwellings__2021_edition_incorporating_2023_amendments.pdf - HM Government. (2024). National energy efficiency data-framework (NEED): Summary of analysis, Great Britain, 2024. Department for Energy Security & Net Zero.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/66e0203ad65d5c23df086710/NEED-report-june-2024.pdf - Hong, G., & Kim, D. D. (2018). Airtightness of electrical, mechanical and architectural components in South Korean apartment buildings using the fan pressurization and tracer gas method. Building and Environment, 132, 21–29. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.024
- IEA. (2024). United Kingdom 2024—Energy policy review. International Energy Agency (IEA).
https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/908bbafb-16e1-440b-bd86-5f894b56772d/UnitedKingdom2024.pdf - ISO. (2015). ISO 9972:2015 Thermal performance of buildings—Determination of air permeability of buildings—Fan pressurization method. ISO.
https://www.iso.org/standard/55718.html - Ji, Y., Lee, A., & Swan, W. (2019). Building dynamic thermal model calibration using the Energy House facility at Salford. Energy and Buildings, 191, 224–234. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.001
- Jones, B., Das, P., Chalabi, Z., Davies, M., Hamilton, I., Lowe, R., Milner, J., Ridley, I., Shrubsole, C., & Wilkinson, P. (2013). The effect of party wall permeability on estimations of infiltration from air leakage. International Journal of Ventilation, 12, 17–30. 10.1080/14733315.2013.11683999
- Limb, M. (2001). A review of international ventilation airtightness, thermal insulation and indoor air quality (AIC TN55). International Energy Agency (IEA).
https://www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/Technotes/TN55%20REVIEW%20OF%20VENTILATION%20CRITERIA.pdf - Love, J., Wingfield, J., Smith, A. Z. P., Biddulph, P., Oreszczyn, T., Lowe, R., & Elwell, C. A. (2017). ‘Hitting the target and missing the point’: Analysis of air permeability data for new UK dwellings and what it reveals about the testing procedure. Energy and Buildings, 155, 88–97. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.013
- Lozinsky, C., & Touchie, M. (2020). Inter-zonal airflow in multi-unit residential buildings: A review of the magnitude and interaction of driving forces, measurement techniques and magnitudes, and its impact on building performance. International Journal of Indoor Environmental Health, 30, 1063–1328. :10.1111/ina.12712
- Marmolejo-Duarte, C., & Chen, A. (2022). Uncovering the price effect of energy performance certificate ratings when controlling for residential quality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 166, 112662. 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112662
- Mathur, U., & Damle, R. (2021). Impact of air infiltration rate on the thermal transmittance value of building envelope. Journal of Building Engineering, 40, 102302. 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102302
- Modera, M., Bunsell, J., & Diamond, R. (1986). Improving diagnostics and energy analysis for multifamily buildings: A case study. Paper presented at the ASHRAE/DOE/BTECC Conference, Clearwater, FL, USA.
https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/conf-archive/1985%20B3%20papers/050.pdf - Možina, M., Pajek, L., Nadarajah, P. D., Singh, M. K., & Košir, M. (2024). Defining the calibration process for building thermal performance simulation during the warm season: A case study of a single-family log house. Advances in Building Energy and Research, 18, 180–215. 10.1080/17512549.2024.2350944
- Olaussen, J. O., Oust, A., & Solstad, J. T. (2017). Energy performance certificates—Informing the informed or the indifferent? Energy Policy, 111, 246–254. 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.029
- Parker, J., Farmer, D., Johnston, D., Fletcher, M., Thomas, F., Gorse, C., & Stenlund, S. (2019). Measuring and modelling retrofit fabric performance in solid wall conjoined dwellings. Energy and Buildings, 185, 49–65. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.010
- Parker, J. M., Farmer, D., & Fletcher, M. (n.d.). Calibrating whole house thermal models against a coheating test. Paper presented at System Simulation in Buildings 2014.
https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/5568/1/MeasuringandModellingRetrofitFabricPerfomanceAM_PARKER.pdf - Pasos, A. V., Zheng, X., Smith, L., & Wood, C. (2020). Estimation of the infiltration rate of UK homes with the divide-by-20 rule and its comparison with site measurements. Building and Environment, 185, 107275. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107275
- Patel, T., Mitsingas, C., Miller, J. P., & Newell, T. A. (2011). Comparison of blower door and tracer gas testing methods for determination of air infiltration rates through building envelopes at normal operating conditions. Paper presented at the ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability,
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASMEDC) , Washington, DC, US (pp. 1013–1019). 10.1115/ES2011-54373 - Raftery, P., Keane, M., & O’Donnell, J. (2011). Calibrating whole building energy models: An evidence-based methodology. Energy and Buildings, 43, 2356–2364. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.020
- Reardon, J. T., Kim, A. K., & Shaw, C. Y. (1987). Balanced fan depressurization method for measuring component and overall air leakage in single- and multifamily dwellings. Paper presented at the National Research Council of the Canadian Institute of Research Construction (No. IRC-P-1596). 10.4224/40001424
- Ricketts, L., & Finch, G. (2013). Airflow in high-rise multi-unit residential buildings with respect to ventilation and IAQ. Paper presented at the Environmental Health in Low Energy Buildings ASHRAE IAQ Conference.
https://rdh.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ASHRAEIAQ-2013-Airflow-in-High-rise-Multi-unit-Residential-Buildings.pdf - Ricketts, L., & Straube, J. F. (2014). A field study of airflow in mid to high-rise multi-unit residential buildings. Proceedings of the 14th Canadian Building Science & Technology Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada (pp. 189–202).
https://www.rdh.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/CCBST-2014-Field-Study.pdf - Sousa, G., Jones, B. M., Mirzaei, P. A., & Robinson, D. (2017). A review and critique of UK housing stock energy models, modelling approaches and data sources. Energy and Buildings, 151, 66–80. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.043
- Stephen, R. K. (2000). Airtightness in UK dwellings. Building Research Establishment (BRE).
https://bregroup.com/store/bookshop/airtightness-in-uk-dwellings-bre-s-test-results-and-their-significance - Tsang, C., Parker, J., & Glew, D. (2024). A heat loss sensitivity index to inform housing retrofit policy in the UK. Buildings, 14, 14030834. 10.3390/buildings14030834
- Uneo, K., & Lstiburek, J. (2015). Field testing of compartmentalization methods for multifamily construction. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Building Science Corporation, US Department of Energy.
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63226.pdf - Zheng, X., Mazzon, J., Wallis, I., & Wood, C. J. (2020). Airtightness measurement of an outdoor chamber using the pulse and blower door methods under various wind and leakage scenarios. Building and Environment, 179, 106950. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106950
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.557 | Journal eISSN: 2632-6655
Language: English
Page range: 239 - 254
Submitted on: Feb 10, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 30, 2025
Published on: May 28, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2025 David Glew, Felix Thomas, Dominic Miles-Shenton, James Parker, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.