References
- 1Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2000). Energy and environment in architecture. London: E&FN Spon.
- 2Batty, M. (2013). The new science of cities. Boston: MIT Press. DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/9399.001.0001
- 3BC Assessment. (2017). Inventory information. Retrieved from
https://www.bcassessment.ca/Property/AssessmentSearch - 4BC Building Code. (2012). British Columbia Building Code. Province of British Columbia. Retrieved from
http://www.bccodes.ca/building-code.html - 5BC Housing. (2017). Energy step code building beyond the standard, 2017 metrics research full report. Retrieved from
https://www.bchousing.org/research-centre/library/residential-design-construction/energy-step-code-2017-full-report&sortType=sortByDate - 6Calthorpe, P. (2011). Urbanism in the age of climate change. Washington, DC: Island. DOI: 10.5822/978-1-61091-005-7
- 7Canadian Ministry of Environment. (2016). 2016 B.C. best practices methodology for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions including guidance for public sector organizations, local governments and community emission. Retrieved from
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/climate-change/cng/methodology/2016-17-pso-methodology.pdf - 8Cerezo Davila, C., Reinhart, C., & Bemis, J. (2016). Modeling Boston: A workflow for the generation of complete urban building energy demand models from existing urban geospatial datasets. Energy, 117, 237–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.10.057
- 9City of New York. (2014). One city built to last. New York: City of New York.
- 10City of Toronto. (2017). TransformTO: Climate action for a healthy, equitable and prosperous Toronto, Report #2—The pathway to a low carbon future. Toronto: City of Toronto.
- 11City of Vancouver. (2015). Greenest city: 2020 Action Plan. Vancouver: City of Vancouver.
- 12Clifton, K., Ewing, R., Knaap, G.-J., & Song, Y. (2008). Quantitative analysis of urban form: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Urban Institute of Research and Urban Sustainability, 1, 17–45. DOI: 10.1080/17549170801903496
- 13Denis, G. S., & Parker, P. (2009). Community energy planning in Canada: The role of renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2088–2095. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.030
- 14Dixon, T., & Eames, M. (2013). Scaling up: the challenges of urban retrofit. Building Research & Information, 41, 499–503. DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2013.812432
- 15Dogan, T., & Reinhart, C. (2013). Automated conversion of architectural massing models into thermal ‘shoebox’ models. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the International Building Performance and Simulation Association, 3745–3752.
- 16Doxiadis, C. (1968). Ekistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
- 17Evans, S., Liddiard, R., & Steadman, P. (2017). 3DStock: A new kind of three-dimensional model of the building stock of England and Wales, for use in energy analysis. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44(2), 227–255. DOI: 10.1177/0265813516652898
- 18Ewing, R., & Rong, F. (2008). The impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use. Housing Policy Debate, 19, 1–30. DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521624
- 19Frank, L. D., Schmid, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Chapman, J., & Saelens, B. E. (2005). Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 117–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001
- 20Güneralp, B., Zhou, Y., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Gupta, M., Yu, S., Patel, P. L., & Seto, K. C. (2017). Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through 2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 114(34), 8945–8950. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606035114
- 21Kellett, R. (2009). Sustainability indicators for computer-based tools in community design. Ottawa: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
- 22Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban morphology, 13(2), 105.
- 23Larivière, I., & Lafrance, G. (1999). Modelling the electricity consumption of cities: Effect of urban density. Energy Economics, 21(1), 53–66. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-9883(98)00007-3
- 24Lomas, K. J., Eppel, H., Martin, C. J., & Bloomfield, D. P. (1997). Empirical validation of building energy simulation programs. Energy and Buildings, 26(3), 253–275. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7788(97)00007-8
- 25Murray, B., & Rivers, N. (2015). British Columbia’s revenue-neutral carbon tax: A review of the latest ‘grand experiment’ in environmental policy. Energy Policy, 86, 674–683. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.08.011
- 26Nouvel, R., Schulte, C., Eicker, U., Pietruschka, D., & Coors, V. (2013). CityGML-based 3D city model for energy diagnostics and urban energy policy support. Retrieved from
http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2013/p_989.pdf - 27NRCAN. (2009). Survey of commercial and institutional energy use: Detailed statistical report. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN).
- 28NRCAN. (2011). Survey of household energy use: Detailed statistical report. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN).
- 29OEE/NRCAN. (2009). Survey of Commercial and Institutional Energy Use Buildings. Ottawa: Office of Energy Efficiency (OEE), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN). Retrieved from
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/statistics/scieu/2009/pdf/scieu2009.pdf - 30OEE/NRCAN. (2011). Survey of Household Energy Use. Ottawa: Office of Energy Efficiency (OEE), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN). Retrieved from
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/statistics/sheu/2011/pdf/sheu2011.pdf - 31PHI. (2016). Criteria for the Passive House EnerPHit and PHI low energy building standard. Darmstadt: Passive House Institute (PHI).
- 32Province of British Columbia, Climate Action Secretariat. (2012). Community energy and emissions inventory reports. Victoria: Climate Action Secretariat.
- 33Ratti, C., Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2005). Energy consumption and urban texture. Energy and Building, 37, 762–776. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.10.010
- 34Reinhart, C. F., & Cerezo Davila, C. (2016). Urban building energy modeling—A review of a nascent field. Building and Environment, 97, 196–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.001
- 35Rode, P., Keim, C., Robazza, G., Viejo, P., & Schofield, J. (2014). Cities and energy: Urban morphology and residential heat-energy demand. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 41(1), 138–162. DOI: 10.1068/b39065
- 36Rueda, S. (2017). Ecosystemic urbanism for the design of new urban developments and the regeneration of existing ones. Barcelona: Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona.
- 37Salat, S. (2009). Energy loads, CO2 emissions and building stocks: morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behaviour. Building Research & Information, 37, 598–609. DOI: 10.1080/09613210903162126
- 38Salat, S. (2011). Cities and forms: On sustainable urbanism. Paris: CSTB Urban Morphology Lab.
- 39Schreurs, M. A. (2008). From the bottom up: Local and subnational climate change politics. Journal of Environment and Development, 17, 343–355. DOI: 10.1177/1070496508326432
- 40Senbel, M., Girling, C., Kellett, R., & White, J. (2011). Evaluating a web based urban design reference tool. Conference Proceedings of the Council for Education and Landscape Architecture, 197–216.
- 41Senbel, M., van der Laan, M., Kellett, R., Girling, C., & Stuart, J. (2013). Can form-based code help reduce municipal greenhouse gas emissions in small towns? The case of Revelstoke, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 22(1), 72–92.
- 42Silva, M., Oliveira, V., & Leal, V. (2017). Urban form and energy demand: A review of energy-relevant urban attributes. Journal of Planning Literature, 32, 346–365. DOI: 10.1177/0885412217706900
- 43Sokol, J., Cerezo Davila, C., & Reinhart, C. F. (2017). Validation of a Bayesian-based method for defining residential patterns in urban building energy models. Energy and Buildings, 134, 11–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.050
- 44Song, Y., & Knaap, G.-J. (2004). Measuring urban form: Is Portland winning the war on sprawl? Journal of the American Planning Association, 70, 210–225. DOI: 10.1080/01944360408976371
- 45Song, Y., & Knaap, G. J. (2007). Quantitative classification of neighbourhoods: The neighbourhoods of new single-family homes in the Portland Metropolitan Area. Journal of Urban Design, 12, 1–24. DOI: 10.1080/13574800601072640
- 46Steadman, P., Hamilton, I., & Evans, S. (2014). Energy and urban built form: An empirical and statistical approach. Building Research & Information, 42, 17–31. DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2013.808140
- 47Stevens, M., & Senbel, M. (2012). Examining municipal response to a provincial climate action planning mandate in British Columbia, Canada. Local Environment, 17, 837–861. DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2012.714752
- 48Swan, L. G., & Ugursal, V. I. (2009). Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modeling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 1819–1835. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.033
- 49Tooke, T. R., van der Laan, M., & Coops, N. C. (2014). Mapping demand for residential building thermal energy services using airborne LiDAR. Applied Energy, 127, 125–134. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.035
- 50United Nations. (2014). World urbanization prospects: Highlights. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. DOI: 10.18356/527e5125-en
- 51US DOE. (2011). Commercial reference buildings: Washington State. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy (DOE).
- 52US DOE. (2012). Residential prototype building models: Washington State. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy (DOE).
- 53Van der Laan, M., Kellet, R., Girling, C., Senbel, M., & Su, T. (2013, April). A collaborative multi-touch, multi-display, urban futures tool. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Simulation for Architecture & Urban Design (pp. 1–4).
- 54Wate, P., & Coors, V. (2015). 3D data models for urban energy simulation. In Energy Procedia, 6th International Building Physics Conference, International Building Physics Conference (IBPC),
2015 , 78, 3372–3377. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.753 - 55Wilson, C., & Dowlatabadi, H. (2007). Models of decision making and residential energy use. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32, 169–203. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.32.053006.141137
- 56Yi, H., & Feiock, R. C. (2015). Climate action plan adoptions in the US states. International Journal of Climate Change and Strategic Management, 7, 375–393. DOI: 10.1108/IJCCSM-02-2014-0019
- 57Zuehlke, B., Jaccard, M., & Murphy, R. (2017). Can cities really make a difference? Case study of Vancouver’s Renewable City Strategy (Report). Vancouver: Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions (PICS).