Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Are simple models for natural ventilation suitable for shelter design? Cover

Are simple models for natural ventilation suitable for shelter design?

Buildings and Cities
Volume 6 (2025): Issue 1
By: Anna Conzatti,  Daniel Fosas de Pando,  Ben Chater and  David Coley  
Open Access
|Apr 2025

References

  1. 1Albadra, D., Elamin, Z., Adeyeye, K., Polychronaki, E., Coley, D. A., Holley, J., & Copping, A. (2020a). Participatory design in refugee camps: Comparison of different methods and visualization tools. Building Research & Information, 49(2), 248–264. 10.1080/09613218.2020.1740578
    Back to article
  2. 2Albadra, D., Kuchai, N., Acevedo-De-los-Ríos, A., Rondinel-Oviedo, D., Coley, D., da Silva, C. F., Rana, C., Mower, K., Dengel, A., Maskell, D., & Ball, R. J. (2020b). Measurement and analysis of air quality in temporary shelters on three continents. Building and Environment, 185, 107259. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107259
    Back to article
  3. 3Arendt, K., Krzaczek, M., & Tejchman, J. (2017). Influence of input data on airflow network accuracy in residential buildings with natural wind- and stack-driven ventilation. Building Simulation, 10(2), 229–238. 10.1007/s12273-016-0320-5
    Back to article
  4. 4ASHRAE. (2019). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2–2019—Ventilation and acceptable indoor air quality in residential buildings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standards-62-1-62-2
    Back to article
  5. 5ASHRAE. (2021a). ASHRAE design guide for natural ventilation. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). https://store.accuristech.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-design-guide-for-natural-ventilation?product_id=2223402
    Back to article
  6. 6ASHRAE. (2021b). The 2021 ASHRAE fundamentals handbook. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/ashrae-handbook/description-2021-ashrae-handbook-fundamentals
    Back to article
  7. 7Attia, S., Hensen, J. L. M., Beltrán, L., & Herde, A. D. (2012). Selection criteria for building performance simulation tools: Contrasting architects’ and engineers’ needs. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 5(3), 155–169. 10.1080/19401493.2010.549573
    Back to article
  8. 8Baeumle, R. (2019). Natural ventilation of buildings: From fluid mechanics to architectural design guidance (Apollo—University of Cambridge Repository). 10.17863/CAM.77625
    Back to article
  9. 9Botchway, E. A., Agyekum, K., Kotei-Martin, J. N., & Afram, S. O. (2023). Utilization of simulation tools for building performance assessment among design professionals. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. 10.1108/IJBPA-01-2023-0006
    Back to article
  10. 10Brandan, M. A. M., & Espinosa, F. A. D. (2018). Modeling natural ventilation in early and late design stages: Developing the right simulation workflow with the right inputs. ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA Building Simulation Conference (pp. 242–249). www.ibpsa.us
    Back to article
  11. 11British Standard. (1991). BS 5925:1991: Code of practice for ventilation principles and designing for natural ventilation. www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/Airbase/airbase_00667.pdf
    Back to article
  12. 12Caciolo, M., Cui, S., Stabat, P., & Marchio, D. (2013). Development of a new correlation for single-sided natural ventilation adapted to leeward conditions. Energy and Buildings, 60, 372–382. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.01.024
    Back to article
  13. 13Caciolo, M., Stabat, P., & Marchio, D. (2011). Full scale experimental study of single-sided ventilation: Analysis of stack and wind effects. Energy and Buildings, 43(7), 1765–1773. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.03.019
    Back to article
  14. 14CEN. (2019). EN 16798-1:2019: Energy performance of buildings—Ventilation for buildings—Part 1: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings. https://www.cencenelec.eu/
    Back to article
  15. 15Chiu, Y.-H., & Etheridge, D. W. (2004). Experimental technique to determine unsteady flow in natural ventilation stacks at model scale. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 92(3–4), 291–313. 10.1016/j.jweia.2003.12.002
    Back to article
  16. 16Chu, C. R., Chen, R.-H., & Chen, J.-W. (2011). A laboratory experiment of shear-induced natural ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 43(10), 2631–2637. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.06.014
    Back to article
  17. 17Chu, C.-R., Chiu, Y.-H., Tsai, Y.-T., & Wu, S.-L. (2015). Wind-driven natural ventilation for buildings with two openings on the same external wall. Energy and Buildings, 108, 365–372. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.041
    Back to article
  18. 18CIBSE. (2015). Environmental design Environmental design: CIBSE Guide A. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE). www.cibse.org
    Back to article
  19. 19Cockroft, J. (1979). Heat transfer and air flow in buildings. University of Glasgow.
    Back to article
  20. 20Cockroft, J. P., & Robertson, P. (1976). Ventilation of an enclosure through a single opening. Building and Environment, 11(1), 29–35. 10.1016/0360-1323(76)90016-0
    Back to article
  21. 21da Graça, C., & Linden, P. (2003). Simplified modeling of cross-ventilation airflow. ASHRAE Transactions, 109(1), 65–79. http://maeresearch.ucsd.edu/linden/pdf_files/92cl02.pdf.
    Back to article
  22. 22Daish, N. C., Carrilho Da Graça, G., Linden, P. F., & Banks, D. (2016). Impact of aperture separation on wind-driven single-sided natural ventilation. Building and Environment, 108, 122–134. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.015
    Back to article
  23. 23Davies Wykes, M. S., Chahour, E., & Linden, P. F. (2020). The effect of an indoor–outdoor temperature difference on transient cross-ventilation. Building and Environment, 168, 106447. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106447
    Back to article
  24. 24de Castro, M., Kuchai, N., Natarajan, S., Adeyeye, K., Fosas, D., Moran, F., McCullen, N., Wang, Z., & Coley, D. (2021). ShelTherm: An aid-centric thermal model for shelter design. Journal of Building Engineering, 44, 102579. 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102579
    Back to article
  25. 25Dimitroulopoulou, C. (2012). Ventilation in European dwellings: A review. Building and Environment, 47, 109–125. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.016
    Back to article
  26. 26Emmerich, S. (2001). Validation of multizone IAQ modeling of residential-scale buildings: A review. ASHRAE Transactions. https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=860837
    Back to article
  27. 27Escombe, A. R., Oeser, C. C., Gilman, R. H., Navincopa, M., Ticona, E., Pan, W., Martínez, C., Chacaltana, J., Rodríguez, R., Moore, D. A. J., Friedland, J. S., & Evans, C. A. (2007). Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion. PLoS Med, 4(2), 68. 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068
    Back to article
  28. 28Etheridge, D. (2011). Natural ventilation of buildings: Theory, measurement and design. Wiley.
    Back to article
  29. 29Etheridge, D. W., & Sandberg, M. (1984). A simple parametric study of ventilation. Building and Environment, 19(3), 163–173. 10.1016/0360-1323(84)90023-4
    Back to article
  30. 30European Parliamentary Research Service. (2019). Technologies for humanitarian aid. https://epthinktank.eu/2017/09/25/technologies-for-humanitarian-aid/
    Back to article
  31. 31Fan, S., Davies Wykes, M. S., Lin, W. E., Jones, R. L., Robins, A. G., & Linden, P. F. (2021). A full-scale field study for evaluation of simple analytical models of cross ventilation and single-sided ventilation. Building and Environment, 187, 107386. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107386
    Back to article
  32. 32Fosas, D., Albadra, D., Natarajan, S., & Coley, D. (2019). Improving the thermal comfort in new shelters. 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.8977556.V1
    Back to article
  33. 33Fosas, D., Albadra, D., Natarajan, S., & Coley, D. A. (2018). Refugee housing through cyclic design. Architectural Science Review, 61(5), 327–337. 10.1080/00038628.2018.1502155
    Back to article
  34. 34Hart, J., Paszkiewicz, N., & Albadra, D. (2018). Shelter as Home?: Syrian homemaking in Jordanina refugee camps. Human Organization, 77(4), 371–380. 10.17730/0018-7259.77.4.371
    Back to article
  35. 35Hunt, G. R., & Linden, P. P. (1999). The fluid mechanics of natural ventilation—Displacement ventilation by buoyancy-driven flows assisted by wind. Building and Environment, 34(6), 707–720. 10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00053-5
    Back to article
  36. 36Jayakody, C., Malalgoda, C. I., Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R., Liyanage, C., Hamza, M., Witt, E., & Fernando, N. (2022). Addressing housing needs of the displaced people promoting resilient and sustainable communities. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 13(3), 368–385. 10.1108/IJDRBE-09-2021-0124
    Back to article
  37. 37Jiang, Z., Kobayashi, T., Yamanaka, T., & Sandberg, M. (2023). A literature review of cross ventilation in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 291, 113143. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113143
    Back to article
  38. 38Kato, S., Kono, R., Hasama, T., & Ooka, R. (2006). A wind tunnel experimental analysis of the ventilation characteristics of a room with single-sided opening in uniform flow. International Journal of Ventilation, 5(1). 10.1080/14733315.2006.11683734
    Back to article
  39. 39Kuchai, N., Albadra, D., Lo, S., Saied, S., Paszkiewicz, N., Shepherd, P., Natarajan, S., Orr, J., Hart, J., Adeyeye, K., & Coley, D. (2024). Improving the shelter design process via a shelter assessment matrix. Progress in Disaster Science, 23, 100354. 10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100354
    Back to article
  40. 40Kuchai, N., Shepherd, P., Calabria-Holley, J., Copping, A., Matard, A., & Coley, D. (2020). The potential for computational IT tools in disaster relief and shelter design. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 5(1), 1. 10.1186/s41018-020-00069-1
    Back to article
  41. 41Larsen, T. S., & Heiselberg, P. (2008). Single-sided natural ventilation driven by wind pressure and temperature difference. Energy and Buildings, 40(6), 1031–1040. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.07.012
    Back to article
  42. 42Larsen, T. S., Plesner, C., Leprince, V., Carrié, F. R., & Bejder, A. K. (2018). Calculation methods for single-sided natural ventilation: Now and ahead. Energy and Buildings, 177, 279–289. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.047
    Back to article
  43. 43Li, Y. (2000). Buoyancy-driven natural ventilation in a thermally stratified one zone building. Building and Environment, 3(35), 207–214. 10.1016/S0360-1323(99)00012-8
    Back to article
  44. 44Li, Y., & Delsante, A. (2001). Natural ventilation induced by combined wind and thermal forces. Building and Environment, 36(1), 59e71. 10.1016/S0360-1323(99)00070-0
    Back to article
  45. 45Liddament, M. W. (1986). Air infiltration calculation techniques—An applications guide. Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre. https://www.aivc.org/resource/air-infiltration-calculation-techniques-applications-guide
    Back to article
  46. 46Liman, K., & Abadie, M. (1998). Naturally ventilated buildings—Porte Oceane Residence. In Allard, F. (Ed.), Natural ventilation in buildings (pp. 307–315). James & James.
    Back to article
  47. 47Linden, P. F., Lane-Serff, G. F., & Smeed, D. A. (1990). Emptying filling boxes: The fluid mechanics of natural ventilation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 212(1), 309. 10.1017/S0022112090001987
    Back to article
  48. 48Liu, X. (2022). ASTM and ASHRAE Standards for the assessment of indoor air quality. In Zhang, Y., Hopke, P. K., & Mandin, C. (Eds.), Handbook of indoor air quality. Springer. 10.1007/978-981-16-7680-2_50
    Back to article
  49. 49Matard, A., Kuchai, N., Allen, S., Shepherd, P., Adeyeye, K., McCullen, N., & Coley, D. (2019). An analysis of the embodied energy and embodied carbon of refugee shelters worldwide. International Journal of the Constructed Environment, 10(3), 29–54. 10.18848/2154-8587/CGP/v10i03/29-54
    Back to article
  50. 50Phaff, J. C., & De Gids, W. (1980). The ventilation of buildings: Investigation of the consequences of opening one window on the internal climate of room. AIVC. www.aivc.org/resource/ventilation-buildings-investigation-consequences-opening-one-window-internal-climate-room
    Back to article
  51. 51Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., Haines, A., Hotez, P. J., Koundouri, P., Bascuñán, F. L., Lee, J.-K., Pate, M. A., Ramos, G., Reddy, K. S., Serageldin, I., … Michie, S. (2022). The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, 400(10359), 1224–1280. 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9
    Back to article
  52. 52Sacht, H., & Lukiantchuki, M. A. (2017). Windows size and the performance of natural ventilation. Procedia Engineering, 196, 972–979. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.038
    Back to article
  53. 53Sechi, G. J., Hendriks, E., & Pregnolato, M. (2023). Digitalization in disaster risk reduction: The use of smartphones to enhance the safety of informal settlements in Iringa, Tanzania. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 14(2), 171–182. 10.1007/s13753-023-00483-0
    Back to article
  54. 54Shaw, H., & Whyte, W. (1974). Air movement through doorways—The influence of temperature and its control by forced airflow. Building Services Engineering, 42, 210–218. https://www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/Airbase/airbase_00156.pdf
    Back to article
  55. 55Sundell, J., Levin, H., Nazaroff, W. W., Cain, W. S., Fisk, W. J., Grimsrud, D. T., Gyntelberg, F., Li, Y., Persily, A. K., Pickering, A. C., Samet, J. M., Spengler, J. D., Taylor, S. T., & Weschler, C. J. (2011). Ventilation rates and health: Multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. Indoor Air, 21(3), 191–204. 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x
    Back to article
  56. 56Terpager Andersen, K. (1998). Natural ventilation by thermal buoyancy with several openings and with temperature stratification. In 19th Annual AIVC Conference. www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/airbase_12106.pdf
    Back to article
  57. 57Terpager Andersen, K. (2003). Theory for natural ventilation by thermal buoyancy in one zone with uniform temperature. Building and Environment, 38(11), 1281–1289. 10.1016/S0360-1323(03)00132-X
    Back to article
  58. 58UK Government. (2022). Approved document F. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ventilation-approved-document-f
    Back to article
  59. 59UNHCR (2016). Shelter design catalogue. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). https://emergency.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/unhcr_shelter_design_catalogue_january_2016.pdf
    Back to article
  60. 60Vallejo, J., Ford, B., Ruiz, P. A., Diaz, C., & de Sevilla, U. (2015). Designing for natural ventilation: An early design tool. In Passive and Low Energy Architecture Conference 2015 (PLEA). https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/qq1v3/designing-for-natural-ventilation-an-early-stage-design-tool
    Back to article
  61. 61Van Tran, V., Park, D., & Lee, Y. C. (2020). Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8). 10.3390/ijerph17082927
    Back to article
  62. 62Wang, H., & Chen, Q. (2012). A new empirical model for predicting single-sided, wind-driven natural ventilation in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 54, 386–394. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.07.028
    Back to article
  63. 63Wargocki, P., Sundell, J., Bischof, W., Brundrett, G., Fanger, P. O., Gyntelberg, F., Hanssen, S. O., Harrison, P., Pickering, A., Seppänen, O., & Wouters, P. (2002). Ventilation and health in non-industrial indoor environments: Report from a European Multidisciplinary Scientific Consensus Meeting (EUROVEN). Indoor Air, 12(2), 113–128. 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.01145.x
    Back to article
  64. 64Warren, P. (1977). Ventilation through openings on one wall only. UNESCO International Seminar, Heat Transfer in Buildings, Dubrovnik, 1977. https://www.aivc.org/resource/ventilation-through-openings-one-wall-only
    Back to article
  65. 65Warren, P. R., & Parkins, L. M. (1985). Single-sided ventilation through open windows. Conference Proceedings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021295517&origin=inward&txGid=e4dac35b0dd8cb0925b4f468eaad037a
    Back to article
  66. 66Webb, S., Weinstein Sheffield, E., & Flinn, B. (Eds.). (2020). Towards healthier homes in humanitarian settings. Centre for Development and Emergency Practice, Oxford Brookes University and CARE International UK. https://insights.careinternational.org.uk/publications/towards-healthier-homes-in-humanitarian-settings
    Back to article
  67. 67Yamanaka, T., Kotani, H., Iwamoto, K., & Kato, M. (2006). Natural, wind-forced ventilation caused by turbulence in a room with a single opening. International Journal of Ventilation, 5(1), 179–187. 10.1080/14733315.2006.11683735
    Back to article
  68. 68Zhuang, C., Choudhary, R., & Mavrogianni, A. (2022). Probabilistic occupancy forecasting for risk-aware optimal ventilation through autoencoder Bayesian deep neural networks. Building and Environment, 219, 109207. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109207
    Back to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.497 | Journal eISSN: 2632-6655
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 13, 2024
Accepted on: Mar 20, 2025
Published on: Apr 8, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
indoor environmental quality,
natural ventilation,
public health,
shelter design,
window design,
building modelling,
airflow models

© 2025 Anna Conzatti, Daniel Fosas de Pando, Ben Chater, David Coley, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 6 (2025): Issue 1Next article