Figure 1.
Multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) for the tested independent variables (sport classes and type of physical impairment)
| Covariates | Independent Variable: Sport Classes | Independent Variable: Type of Physical Impairment | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worst time (s) | Mean time (s) | Total time (s) | Best time (s) | MW (W) | IF(%) | Worst time (s) | Mean time (s) | Total time (s) | Best time (s) | MW (W) | IF(%) | |
| Age (years) | F = 0.78; p = 0.378 | F = 1.15; p = 0.287 | F = 1.15; p = 0.287 | F = 0.97; p = 0.327 | F = 6.80; p = 0.011 | F = 0.00; p = 0.926 | F = 1.49; p = 0.228 | F = 2.36; p = 0.131 | F = 2.36; p = 0.131 | F = 2.38; p = 0.129 | F = 4.22; p = 0.046 | F = 0.02; p = 0.869 |
| Body mass (kg) | F = 0.00; p = 0.942 | F = 0.08; p = 0.770 | F = 0.08; p = 0.770 | F = 0.09; p = 0.755 | F = 6.39; p = 0.014 | F = 0.03; p = 0.843 | F = 0.00; p = 0.945 | F = 0.02; p = 0.872 | F = 0.02; p = 0.872 | F = 0.02; p = 0.868 | F = 4.09; p = 0.049 | F = 0.00; p = 0.959 |
| Height (meters) | F = 9.13; p = 0.004 | F = 11.39; p = 0.001 | F = 11.39; p = 0.001 | F = 6.83; p = 0.011 | F = 3.29; p = 0.074 | F = 0.44; p = 0.506 | F = 7.20; p = 0.010 | F = 9.92; p = 0.003 | F = 9.92; p = 0.003 | F = 10.70; p = 0.002 | F = 4.78; p = 0.034 | F = 1.04; p = 0.312 |
| Body Mass Index (kg.m2) | F = 2.17; p = 0.145 | F = 1.55; p = 0.217 | F = 1.55; p = 0.217 | F = 1.50; p = 0.224 | F = 0.09; p = 0.764 | F = 0.12; p = 0.730 | F = 0.09; p = 0.759 | F = 0.00; p = 0.965 | F = 0.00; p = 0.965 | F = 0.00; p = 0.942 | F = 0.01; p = 0.898 | F = 0.01; p = 0.895 |
| AMA (cm2) | F = 2.43; p = 0.123 | F = 1.18; p = 0.280 | F = 1.18; p = 0.280 | F = 0.47; p = 0.495 | F = 0.06; p = 0.802 | F = 0.52; p = 0.469 | F = 0.17; p = 0.678 | F = 0.00; p = 0.938 | F = 0.00; p = 0.938 | F = 0.04; p = 0.837 | F = 0.21; p = 0.645 | F = 0.67; p = 0.414 |
| CCA (cm) | F = 0.85; p = 0.358 | F = 0.59; p = 0.442 | F = 0.59; p = 0.442 | F = 0.14; p = 0.701 | F = 5.95e-6; p = 0.998 | F = 0.69; p = 0.408 | F = 1.44; p = 0.236 | F = 1.46; p = 0.232 | F = 1.46; p = 0.232 | F = 0.82; p = 0.368 | F = 0.00; p = 0.945 | F = 1.16; p = 0.286 |
| Sum folds (mm) | F = 0.84; p = 0.363 | F = 1.51; p = 0.222 | F = 1.52; p = 0.222 | F = 1.27; p = 0.263 | F = 2.54e-4; p = 0.987 | F = 0.08; p = 0.767 | F = 1.10; p = 0.298 | F = 1.92; p = 0.172 | F = 1.92; p = 0.172 | F = 2.21; p = 0.143 | F = 0.03; p = 0.843 | F = 0.93; p = 0.338 |
| Length of experience (months) | F = 2.77; p = 0.101 | F = 0.70; p = 0.405 | F = 0.70; p = 0.405 | F = 0.29; p = 0.587 | F = 8.85; p = 0.004 | F = 1.29; p = 0.260 | F = 0.65; p = 0.423 | F = 2.86e-4; p = 0.987 | F = 2.84e-4; p = 0.987 | F = 0.30; p = 0.585 | F = 8.55; p = 0.005 | F = 8.76; p = 0.005 |
| Sex (male; female) | F = 0.57; p = 0.453 | F = 0.48; p = 0.487 | F = 0.48; p = 0.487 | F = 0.34; p = 0.556 | F = 1.12; p = 0.292 | F = 0.00; p = 0.955 | F = 0.53; p = 0.469 | F = 1.12; p = 0.295 | F = 1.12; p = 0.295 | F = 1.47; p = 0.231 | F = 1.02; p = 0.318 | F = 0.43; p = 0.513 |
COD values among the evaluated sport classes (values expressed as median and interquartile range)
| Sport classes | Direction change performance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worst time (s) | Mean time (s) | Total time (s) | Best time (s) | Mechanical work (W) | Fatigue index (%) | |
| WH1 | 15.60 ± 1.35 | 14.40 ± 0.99 | 144.0 ± 9.9 | 12.9 ± 1.45 | 52.0 ± 13.3 | 10.4 ± 4.24 |
| WH2 | 14.60 ± 2.07 | 13.20 ± 2.11 | 132.0 ± 21.2 | 12.4 ± 2.88 | 60.2 ± 21.8 | 8.96 ± 5.46 |
| SL3 | 8.92 ± 2.37 | 8.14 ± 2.11 | 81.4 ± 21.1 | 7.18 ± 1.44 | 108 ± 30.2 | 10.6 ± 5.50 |
| SL4 | 8.87 ± 1.18 | 7.92 ± 0.71 | 79.2 ± 7.1 | 7.23 ± 0.58 | 119 ± 90.8 | 8.47 ± 5.10 |
| SU5 | 8.60 ± 1.64 | 7.22 ± 1.79 | 72.2 ± 17.9 | 6.62 ± 1.16 | 108 ± 58.5 | 7.45 ± 2.16 |
| SH6 | 10.70 ± 1.68 | 9.54 ± 1.43 | 95.4 ± 14.3 | 8.98 ± 1.53 | 91.9 ± 39.8 | 7.43 ± 4.15 |
The demographic, anthropometric, and sport-related characteristics of the evaluated sample
| Demographics and Characteristics | Total (mean ± standard deviation) | Min/Máx |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29.0 ± 13.5 | 18/54 |
| Sex | ||
| Male (M) | 54 | NA |
| Female (F) | 25 | |
| Sport classes | Sex (F and M) | |
| WH1 | 9 (F = 4; M = 11) | |
| WH2 | 15 (F = 4; M = 6)) | |
| SL3 | 13 (F = 5; M = 8) | NA |
| SL4 | 15 (F = 1; M = 14) | |
| SU5 | 13 (F = 6; M = 7) | |
| SH6 | 14 (F = 5; M = 9) | |
| Physical impairment | ||
| Spinal cord injury | 16 | |
| Poliomyelitis and Spina Bifida | 9 | |
| Amputations | 5 | NA |
| Congenital malformations | 20 | |
| Short stature | 14 | |
| Cerebral palsy and similar sequelae | 15 | |
| Length of experience (months)* | 48.0 ± 44.0 | 003/468 |
| Body mass (kg) | 61 ± 14.1 | 27/124 |
| Height (meters) | 1.65 ± 8.21 | 1.15/1.87 |
| Body Mass Index (kg.m2) | 23.0 ± 4.98 | 16.5/51.2 |
| The sum of five skinfolds (mm) | 101.0 ± 50.5 | 028/208 |
| Arm muscle area (cm2) | 4.78 ± 0.65 | 3.01/7.45 |
| Corrected arm circumference (cm) | 30.3 ± 4.15 | 19.2/47.6 |