Abstract
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by its severity, debilitating nature and significant economic burden. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of cardio training and smoking cessation on hemodynamic variables and Body Shape Index in diabetic smokers.
Material and methods
The study enrolled 60 male smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). All patients were evaluated for height, weight, body mass index (BMI), A-shaped body index (ASBI), respiratory rate (RR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) at the beginning of the study and following 3 months of the intervention. The participants were randomly allocated into groups; Group (A) patients administered Metformin1gm and received cardio training (indoor treadmill brisk walking for 12 weeks, 3 times a week, each session 60 min, with submaximal intensity 50–60% of maximal HR reserve), a smoking cessation program, and nutritional advice; and group (B) patients administered Metformin1gm and received a smoking cessation program and nutritional advice.
Results
Both groups showed significant increases in weight and BMI post-intervention (p < 0.05). However, the cardio training group (Group A) showed significantly smaller weight gain compared to the control group (Group B): weight increase (p < 0.001), BMI increase 0.36±0.12 vs 1.48±0.20 kg/m² (p < 0.001). Additionally, Group B showed significantly greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure compared to Group A (p = 0.031).
Conclusions
Aerobic training combined with smoking cessation programs significantly reduces post-cessation weight gain in type 2 diabetic patients compared to smoking cessation alone, though both interventions result in some weight increase.