| Bruder et al. (2016) [47] | RCT | EXP(n=19)CON(n=14)Avarage age (years):EXP = 51;CON = 58Gender: 25F,8MDiagnosis: DRF after removal cast. | EXP – HEP (AROM, stretching and strengthening exercise wrist and forearm) and advice. The advice program included on movement, swelling, pain management, skincare, sleep and relaxation strategies, return to work (three consultation with PT in weeks 1,3,5 after removal of cast).CON – the same advice program as experimental group. Three sessions over 6 weeks (after removal of cast) | Primary endpoint: QuickDASHSecondary endpoint: AROM wrist, grip strength, pain (VAS), PRWEMeasurement time: 7 weeks (post intervention), 6 months | Exclusion criteria: age >21 years, history of a pre-existing inflammatory joint condition, signs/symptoms CRPS, previous wrist fracture, bilateral wrist fractures, unable to understand written/spoken English, deficiency provide informed consent to participate Weak statistical power |
| Filipova et al. (2015) [38] | RCT | EXP(n= 30)CON(n=31)Avarage age (years):EXP =62;CON=58Gender: 47F,14M Diagnosis: DRF treated conservatively | EXP – received to the same PT as control group and OT program – additional 9 session x 30 minutes (3 times in weeks). The OT strengthening program included different exercises for the hand, wrist, and forearm using functional samples movements CON – received PT (20 minutes galvanic baths and 30 minutes of individual kinesitherapy) 9 session for 3 weeks. The PT program included strengthening and gripping exercises | AROM, grip strength, DASHT1 first week after removal of castT2 immediately after end of rehabilitation(8-12 weeks)T3 one month after end of rehabilitation (12-16 weeks) | Exclusion criteria: bilateral fracture, prior trauma of the wrist, malignant conditions and symptomatic osteoarthritis of wrist and hand, age > 30 years.Weak statistical power Lack of long-term outcome |
| Kay et al. (2008) [43] | RTC | EXP(n=28)CON(n=28)Avarage age (years):EXP=55,0; CON=55,8Gender: 39F,17MDiagnosis: DRF which was managed with pins and/or cast | EXP- standardized advice on fracture protection, swelling control, skin care and everyday activities, and one session of instruction to perform HEP (AROM exercises, soft tissue stretches, isometric stabilizing wrist, strengthening and grip exercises). The average duration of therapy is 13h.CON – received no physiotherapy intervention (natural recovery) | Primary endpoint: wrist extensionSecondary endpoint: wrist and elbow ROM, pain, grip strength, QuickDASH, PRWE Measurement time: before intervention, after 3 and 6 weeks | Exclusion criteria: unwilling/unable to participate; unable to understand written/spoken English; bilateral wrist fractures; previous wrist fracture; concurrent ipsilateral limb injury, pre -existing inflammatory joint condition; managed with internal/external fixation. |
| Krischak et al. (2009) [39] | RTC | EXP(n= 23)CON(n=23)Avarage age (years):EXP=56; CON=54 Gender: 30F,16MDiagnosis: DRF stabilized by Volar plate | EXP (B) – supervised exercises program and HEP, advice and other interventions at PT. Received a prescription for a total of 12 sessions (20-30 minutes each), over a 6-week period. Patients were free to choose their own therapist, who were free to choose the type of therapy based on their own evaluation.CON (A) – detailed instructions and demonstrations in the HEP (exercise booklet). The details grouped 3-5 exercises in units requiring approximately 20 minutes in 2 training units (morning and evening). | PRWE, grip strength, wrist ROMMeasurement time: T1 – one week after surgery (control examinations) T2-after 6 weeks rehabilitation (7 weeks from injury) | Exclusion criteria: age>18 years, unwilling to participate, lacked the cognitive capacity, lacked self-sufficiency in managing the requirements of daily life, psychiatric illness, bone disease responsible for the treated fracture (i.e. bone metastasis, osteolysis), previous fracture near the wrist, inflammatory joint disease (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis) or reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
| Kuo et al. (2013) [45] | RCT | n=22Avarage age (years):EXP=59,3;CON=64,9Gender: 15F,7MDiagnosis: DRF | EXP –exercises program supervised by OT and HEP. Group received 3 sessions (45 minutes) each per week until the external fixator was removed 6 weeks after fracture. After removing fixators, groups received regular rehabilitation programs (the same as Con group).CON- in basic care (basic exercises, advice and wound care). The limb was immobilized in the stabilizer for 6 weeks. After removing fixators, groups received regular rehabilitation programs until 12 weeks after surgery. | SF-36, grip and pinch strength, finger AROM, MAM-36, radiographic evaluation (volar tilt, radial inclination and radial height shorting) Measurement time: 1,3,6,12 weeks after surgery | Weak statistical power |
| Mitsukane et al. (2015) [46] | RCT | EXP(n=14)CON(n=14)Avarage age (years):EXP=62;CON=64Gender: 19F,9MDiagnosis: unilateralDRF | EXP – received supervised wrist exercise (repeated 30 repetitive wrist extensions with maximal isometric 3 second hold and maximal extension than 3 second rest) and standard OT program. 30 repetitions were performed within 6 min (series of 10 repetitions/minute then minute rest).CON –received typical OT program. After the end of the program they had 6 minutes to rest. | Grip strength, pain (VAS), isometric strength of the wrist extension Measurement time: before and after 10 minutes exercises or relax | Exclusion criteria: bilateral fracture of upper limb Weak statistical power Lack of long-term outcome |
| Öken et al. (2011) [44] | CT | EXP(n=37)CON(n=20)Avarage age (years): 50,3+/-13,7 for both groupsGender: 52F,18MDiagnosis: DRF | EXP – each day for 3 weeks received rehabilitation in the hospital ward (passive ROM and wrist stretching exercises) under the supervision of a hand specialist. They were advised to do each exercise at home hourly, during the remaining part of the day.CON – HEP (hourly ROM and gentle wrist stretching exercises at home every day). | ROM, grip strength - pinch gauge, grip strength, oedema Measurement time: before treatment and after 3 weeks rehabilitation | Exclusion criteria: age<18 years, previous fracture of the injured and/or non-affected hand, any systemic disorder (e.g. diabetes mellitus, infections, etc.), complication (e.g. CRPS, arthritis, etc.)Lack of long-term follow-up results |
| Sen et al. (2014) [34] | CT | EXP(n=15)CON(n=15)Avarage age (years): 35 for both groups Gender: 20 F,10 MDiagnosis: Colles’ fracture | EXP – received detailed instructions, demonstration HEP, which were in a specially prepared exercise booklet. Each session has been taken for 30 minutes and twice in a day (30 session). CON – received in OT, supervised by therapist over 6-week period for 30 sessions (1 hour). Therapists based on their own evaluation (reduce pain/swelling, isometric, passive and active exercises, PNF Technique, exercises against light resistance) | Test MMDT, pain (VAS), ROM, grip muscle Measurement time: before and after intervention | Weak statistical power Lack of long-term follow-up results |
| Souer et al. (2011) [40] | RCT | n= 94Avarage age (years):EXP=48,6;CON=50,7Gender: 61F,33MDiagnosis: unstable DRF stabilized by Volar plate or pins | EXP – exercises program supervised by OT (motion and strengthen the hand). The content, frequency and duration of the rehabilitation program were at the discretion of the therapist.CON – one session of advice by the surgeon to wear the splint and perform exercise program (HEP). Perform these exercises as often as possible, but at least 3-4 times a day (minimum 30 minutes). | Wrist ROM, grip strength, DASH, pain (10 gradual scale), radiographic evaluation, CES-D, PCS, PASS Measurement time: 3 and 6 months after surgery | Exclusion criteria: age>18 years, other injury, DRF treated with alternative or ancillary fixation, patience not planning to return for follow-up care, relying on others for basic functioning |
| Valdes et al. (2015) [48] | RTC | EXP(n=26)CON(n=24)Avarage age(years): EXP (28-81); CON (23-92)Gender: 42F,8MDiagnosis: unstable DRF stabilized by Volar plate and screws | EXP – exercised program supervised by HT and HEP (passive and active exercises ROM, mobilization, retrograde and scar massage, stretching, sensorimotor activities, prehension training, functional performance activities). 2 times a week for 30 minutes to an hour (16 visits) CON – received the same standard pictorial HEP | Primary endpoint: PRWE [measurement time - 6 months]Secondary endpoint: grip strength, pain (VAS), oedema, wrist ROM [measurement time - 2,4,8,12 weeks] | Exclusion criteria: conservatively treatment or other method of stabilization, age >18 years, unable to understand written/spoken English |
