A Comparative Study of Eight Selected Front-of-Pack Labelling Systems in Different Countries and Exploring the Importance of the Potential Harmonization

The accelerated transition to ultra-processed diets is a major contributor to the globally emerging non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Front-of-pack Labelling (FOPL) schemes have emerged worldwide as a policy measure to combat obesity and diet-related NCDs, though they create challenges as non-tariff barriers in global trade. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of eight selected FOPL systems to explore a framework for harmonization. A study was conducted on eight commonly available and well-documented front-of-pack Labelling (FOPL) systems, selected after reviewing 30 open-access articles from electronic databases and consulting international guidelines (CODEX, WHO, UNICEF) and policies from countries using these systems. Information was qualitatively analyzed to compare their presentation, aims, regulations, effectiveness, and limitations. FOPL schemes are categorized as interpretive, non-interpretive, nutrient-specific, and summary indicators, with interpretive, color-coded systems shown to be more effective. Variations in systems stem from country-specific nutritional needs, regulations, and priorities, with each approach offering unique strengths and limitations. Global harmonization is challenging due to these differences; however, regional harmonization appears more feasible. The study highlights the need for international standards aligned with World Trade Organization trade policies to prevent trade barriers and support effective implementation. Government involvement, public awareness, research, and continuous monitoring are critical for successful FOPL systems. Mutual recognition of standards and requirements between countries can foster a globally harmonized framework, balancing trade facilitation and public health objectives.