Figure 1:
Map with the five selected regions (governorates), represented by red dots.
Slika 1: Zemljevid s petimi izbranimi območji (upravnimi enotami), prikazanimi z rdečimi točkami.
Table 1:
Selected geographical, agricultural and climatic information (mean values of the 10 years from 2011 to 2021) for the nearest meteorological station in the studied regions.
Tabela 1: Izbrani geografski, kmetijski in klimatski podatki (povprečne vrednosti za deset let med 2011 in 2021) za najbližje meteorološke postaje v raziskovanih območjih.
| Region (Governorates) | Latitude | Longitude | Total Area (km2) | Cultivated Area (%) | Elevation (m asl) | Tmax (°C) | Tmin (°C) | Tmean (°C) | Rainfall (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| El-Sharkiya | 30°35′ | 31° 30′ | 4180 | 81 | 13.00 | 29.6 | 15.5 | 22.5 | 33.5 |
| El-Menoufiya | 30°36′ | 30°1′ | 2543 | 57 | 17.90 | 29.4 | 15.3 | 22.4 | 34.6 |
| Beni Suef | 29°4′ | 31°6′ | 1322 | 91 | 30.40 | 29.9 | 15.4 | 22.6 | 7.80 |
| Qena | 26°10′ | 32°43′ | 1796 | 75 | 72.60 | 31.2 | 17.1 | 24.1 | 1.00 |
| El-Buhaira | 30°58′ | 30°33′ | 281.7 | 13.4 | −23.00 | 29.2 | 15.4 | 22.3 | 41.4 |
Figure 2:
Life form spectrum of weed vegetation associated with cereals in study areas. T = Therophytes, Cr = Cryptophytes, H=Hemicryptophytes, P = Phanerophytes, CH = Chamaephytes.
Slika 2: Spekter življenskih oblik plevelne vegetacije v žitih na obravnavanih območjih. T = terofiti, Cr = kriptofiti, H = hemikriptofiti, P = fanerofiti, CH = hamefiti.
Figure 3:
Chorotypes of weed vegetation associated with cereals in study areas. M = Mediterranean, SA = Saharo-Arabian, Cosm = Cosmopolitan, IT = Irano-Turanian, Pal = Paleotropical, Cult = Cultivated, Pan = Pantropical, Oth = Other.
Slika 3: Horotipi plevelne vegetacije v žitih na obravnavanih območjih. M = Sredozemski, SA = Saharo-Arabski, Cosm = kozmopolitski, IT = Irano-Turanski, Pal = Paleotropski, Cult = Gojeni, Pan = Pantropski, Oth = Ostali.
Figure 4:
Species richness (species number per relevé) in different crops, bioclimatic regions and seasons. Box-plots: horizontal line represents median, box’s upper and lower borders 1st and 3rd quartiles, vertical line represent the highest and lowest value excluding outliers and dots the outliers. Letters display pairwise treatment comparisons with Kruskal-Wallis test and Games-Howell posthoc test.
Slika 4: Vrstna pestrost (število vrst na vegetacijski popis) v različnih poljščinah, bioklimatskih regijah in letnih časih. Škatle z brki: vodoravne črte predstavljajo mediano, zgornji in spodnji rob škatel predstavljata prvi in tretji kvartil, navpična črta največjo in najmanjšo vrednost brez osamelcev, točke predstavljajo osamelce. Črke predstavljajo parne primerjave s Kruskal-Wallisovim testom in Games-Howell posthoc testom.
Figure 5:
Beta diversity along three gradients (bioclimatic regions, crops and seasons). Sørensen index was calculated by bootstrap method. Letters display pairwise treatment comparisons with Kruskal-Wallis test and Games-Howell posthoc test.
Slika 5: Beta diverziteta vzdolž treh gradientov (bioklimatsko območje, kulturna rastlina, letni čas). Sørensenov indeks smo izračunali z metodo bootstrap. Črke predstavljajo parne primerjave s Kruskal-Wallisovim testom in Games-Howell posthoc testom.
Figure 6:
DCA analysis of plots and explanatory variables passively projected onto the diagram of weed community in Egypt. Numerical variables are presented as blue arrows, categorical variables as centroids in red text and sampling plots as grey points. Eigenvalues of first two axes: 0.5077 and 0.3183. Abbreviations: CS – coarse sand, FS – fine sand, S.C – silt and clay, OM – organic matter, pH – soil reaction, EC – electrical conductivity.
Slika 6: Analiza DCA popisnih ploskev in razlagalnih spremenljivk pasivno projiciranih na diagram plevelnih združb v Egiptu. Numerične spremenljivke so prikazane kot modre puščice, kategorične spremenljivke kot centroidi z rdečim tekstom in popisne ploskve kot sive točke. Lastne vrednosti za prvi dve osi: 0.5077 in 0.3183. Okrajšave: CS – debelozrnat pesek, FS – drobnozrnat pesek, S.C – melj in glina, OM – organska snov, pH – reakcija tal, EC – električna prevodnost.
Figure 7:
The ordination diagrams of the reduced RDA containing (a) soil variables as vectors, (b) crop, region and season as factors and (c) species. Only the species with the highest fit were presented (25 species with highest frequencies and highest fit along the first axis). For the soil variables abbreviations see Figure 6.
Slika 7: Ordinacijski diagrami reducirane RDA, ki vsebujejo: (a) talne spremenljivke kot vektorji, (b) kulturna rastlina, območje in letni čas kot faktorji in (c) vrste. Prikazane so samo vrste, ki imajo največji fit (25 vrst z največjo frekvenco in fitom vzdolž prve osi). Za talne spremenljivke glej Slika 6.
Table 2:
Gross and net effects of the explanatory variables on the weed vegetation resulting from partial RDA analysis with single variable. RDA explained variation 0.366. For the soil variables abbreviations see Figure 6.
Tabela 2: Bruto in neto učinek razlagalnih spremenljivk na plevelno vegetacijo za posamezno spremenljivko v parcialni RDA. Pojasnjena varianca v RDA je 0.366. Za talne spremenljivke glej Slika 6.
| Gross effect | Net effect | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | df | Explained variance % | R2adj. | F | p-value | Explained variance % | R2adj. | F | p-value |
| CS | 1 | 0.881 | 0.0050 | 2.3023 | 0.0220 * | 0.245 | −0.0002 | 0.9289 | 0.4460 |
| FS | 1 | 3.782 | 0.0341 | 10.1800 | 0.0010 *** | 0.245 | −0.0002 | 0.9291 | 0.4790 |
| S.C | 1 | 3.527 | 0.0315 | 9.4679 | 0.0010 *** | 0.245 | −0.0002 | 0.9287 | 0.4880 |
| OM | 1 | 0.730 | 0.0035 | 1.9032 | 0.0600 . | 0.491 | 0.0024 | 1.8626 | 0.0330 * |
| pH | 1 | 2.495 | 0.0212 | 6.6278 | 0.0010 *** | 0.334 | 0.0008 | 1.2663 | 0.1200 |
| EC | 1 | 0.696 | 0.0033 | 1.8162 | 0.0580 . | 0.320 | 0.0006 | 1.2138 | 0.1820 |
| HCO3 | 1 | 1.100 | 0.0072 | 2.8799 | 0.0050 ** | 0.302 | 0.0004 | 1.1453 | 0.2330 |
| SO4 | 1 | 2.044 | 0.0167 | 5.4057 | 0.0020 ** | 0.277 | 0.0001 | 1.0523 | 0.3470 |
| Ca | 1 | 2.153 | 0.0177 | 5.6975 | 0.0010 *** | 0.233 | −0.0003 | 0.8837 | 0.6160 |
| Mg | 1 | 1.102 | 0.0072 | 2.8864 | 0.0110 * | 0.421 | 0.0017 | 1.5959 | 0.0730 . |
| K | 1 | 2.187 | 0.0181 | 5.7894 | 0.0010 *** | 0.383 | 0.0013 | 1.4516 | 0.0640 . |
| Crop | 3 | 12.103 | 0.1108 | 11.7950 | 0.0010 *** | 2.410 | 0.0201 | 4.5740 | 0.0010 *** |
| Season | 1 | 7.629 | 0.0727 | 21.3900 | 0.0010 *** | 0.000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
| Region | 4 | 22.430 | 0.2122 | 18.5060 | 0.0010 *** | 9.359 | 0.0888 | 8.9702 | 0.0010 *** |