Research on the effects of varied loading frequencies on solute particle transport in firefighters’ LCS

Sen Zhao; Lan Wang; Shiyu Ding; Ailing Hao

doi:10.37190/abb/225083

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Research on the effects of varied loading frequencies on solute particle transport in firefighters’ LCS

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

Volume 28 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

By: Sen Zhao, Lan Wang, Shiyu Ding and Ailing Hao

Open Access

|Oct 2026

Abstract

Purpose

To elucidate the underlying bone injuries in firefighters exposed to long-term high-frequency training, this study investigates the nutrient transport characteristics of the lacunar-canalicular system (LCS), which is critical for sustaining bone cell activity and bone remodeling.

Methods

A two-dimensional fluid-solid coupling model was constructed combined with the particle tracking method, to quantitatively evaluate the effects of three loading frequencies (0.5, 1, 2 Hz) and five porosity levels (covering sclerotic, normal and osteoporotic bone) on LCS transport efficiency, with comparative analyses against the general population.

Results

The results demonstrate that 1 Hz represents the optimal loading frequency for LCS nutrient transport in firefighters. Nutrient transport efficiency elevates with increasing frequency in normal and osteoporotic bone, whereas modifying frequency yields no improvement in sclerotic bone due to its dense pore structure.

Conclusions

This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing training parameters and developing hierarchical bone health interventions to reduce exercise-related bone injury risk in firefighters.

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37190/abb/225083 | Journal eISSN: 2450-6303 | Journal ISSN: 1509-409X

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Language: English

Page range: 141 - 149

Submitted on: Apr 14, 2026

Accepted on: Jun 25, 2026

Published on: Oct 16, 2026

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Firefighters,

Fluid–solid coupling,

Lacuna–canalicular system,

Nutrient transport,

Porosity

Related subjects:

Engineering,

Bioengineering and biomedical engineering,

Cellular and tissue engineering,

Biomechanics,

Medicine,

Biomedical engineering,

Materials sciences,

Biomaterials and natural materials

© 2026 Sen Zhao, Lan Wang, Shiyu Ding, Ailing Hao, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 28 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)