Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Acute effects of whole-body vibration training with additional loading on lower limb muscle synergies during running Cover

Acute effects of whole-body vibration training with additional loading on lower limb muscle synergies during running

Open Access
|Sep 2026

References

  1. Nielsen, R.Ø., Bertelsen, M.L., Ramskov, D., Damsted, C., Brund, R.K., Parner, E.T., et al., The Garmin-RUNSAFE running health study on the aetiology of running-related injuries: rationale and design of an 18-month prospective cohort study including runners worldwide, BMJ Open, 2019, 9(9): e032627. 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032627.
  2. Saragiotto, B.T., Yamato, T.P., Hespanhol Junior, L.C., Rainbow, M.J., Davis, I.S., Lopes, A.D., What are the main risk factors for running-related injuries?, Sports Med., 2014, 44(8): 1153–1163. 10.1007/s40279-014-0194-6.
  3. Fields, K.B., Sykes, J.C., Walker, K.M., Jackson, J.C., Prevention of running injuries, Curr. Sports Med. Rep., 2010, 9(3): 176–182. 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181de7ec5.
  4. Francis, P., Whatman, C., Sheerin, K., Hume, P., Johnson, M.I., The Proportion of Lower Limb Running Injuries by Gender, Anatomical Location and Specific Pathology: A Systematic Review, J. Sports Sci. Med., 2019, 18(1): 21–31.
  5. Fredericson, M., Misra, A.K., Epidemiology and aetiology of marathon running injuries, Sports Med., 2007, 37(4–5): 437–439. 10.2165/00007256-200737040-00043.
  6. Cochrane, D.J., Stannard, S.R., Sargeant, A.J., Rittweger, J., The rate of muscle temperature increase during acute whole-body vibration exercise, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2008, 103(4): 441–448. 10.1007/s00421-008-0736-4.
  7. Avelar, N.C.P., Costa, S.J., Da Fonseca, S.F., et al., The effects of passive warm-up vs. whole-body vibration on high-intensity performance during sprint cycle exercise, J. Strength Cond. Res., 2012, 26(11): 2997–3003. 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318243fb48.
  8. Bunker, D.J., Rhea, M.R., Simons, T., Marin, P.J., The use of whole-body vibration as a golf warm-up, J. Strength. Cond. Res., 2011, 25(2): 293–297. 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bff5a1.
  9. Alam, M.M., Khan, A.A., Farooq, M., Effect of whole-body vibration on neuromuscular performance: A literature review, Work, 2018, 59(4): 571–583. 10.3233/WOR-182699.
  10. Hazell, T.J., Kenno, K.A., Jakobi, J.M., Evaluation of muscle activity for loaded and unloaded dynamic squats during vertical whole-body vibration, J. Strength Cond. Res., 2010, 24(7): 1860–1865. 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ddf6c8.
  11. Paradisis, G.P., Pappas, P., Dallas, G., Zacharogiannis, E., Rossi, J., Lapole, T., Acute effects of whole-body vibration warm-up on leg and vertical stiffness during running, J. Strength Cond. Res., 2021, 35(9): 2433–2438. 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003153.
  12. Pojskic, H., Pagaduan, J., Uzicanin, E., Babajic, F., Muratovic, M., Tomljanovic, M., Acute effects of loaded whole body vibration training on performance, Asian J. Sports Med., 2015, 6(1): e24054. 10.5812/asjsm.24054.
  13. Haleva, Y., Dunsky, A., Rubinstein, M., Kleinöder, H., Mester, J., Effect of whole-body vibration training with two different vibration amplitudes on lower limb performance, Ger. J. Exerc. Sport. Res., 2023, 53(2): 155–162. 10.1007/s12662-022-00870-7.
  14. Cheung, V.C., Cheung, B.M., Zhang, J.H., Chan, Z.Y., Ha, S.C., Chen, C.Y., et al., Plasticity of muscle synergies through fractionation and merging during development and training of human runners, Nat. Commun., 2020, 11(1): 4356. 10.1038/s41467-020-18210-4.
  15. Bernstein, N., The Coordination and Regulation of Movements, Pergamon Press, 1967.
  16. Bizzi, E., Cheung, V.C., The neural origin of muscle synergies, Front. Comput. Neurosci., 2013, 7: 51. 10.3389/fncom.2013.00051.
  17. Santuz, A., Ekizos, A., Janshen, L., Mersmann, F., Bohm, S., Baltzopoulos, V., et al., Modular control of human movement during running: An open access data set, Front. Physiol., 2018, 9: 1509. 10.3389/fphys.2018.01509.
  18. Scano, A., Lanzani, V., Brambilla, C., How recent findings in electromyographic analysis and synergistic control can impact on new directions for muscle synergy assessment in sports, Appl. Sci., 2024, 14(23): 11360. 10.3390/app142311360.
  19. Singh, R.E., Iqbal, K., White, G., Hutchinson, T.E., A systematic review on muscle synergies: from building blocks of motor behavior to a neurorehabilitation tool, Appl. Bionics. Biomech., 2018, 2018: 3615368. 10.1155/2018/3615368.
  20. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.G., Buchner, A., G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences, Behav. Res. Methods, 2007, 39(2): 175–191. 10.3758/BF03193146.
  21. Ryu, S., Kang, J., Kong, S., et al., Effect of running shoes with a carbon plate on running biomechanics, Footwear. Sci., 2023, 15(sup1): 52–54. 10.1080/19424280.2023.2199280.
  22. Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Fu, W., Wei, Z., Jiang, J., Wang, L., Plantar loads of habitual forefoot strikers during running on different overground surfaces, Appl. Sci., 2020, 10(7): 2271. 10.3390/app10072271.
  23. Nam, H., Yin, L., Chen, P., Wang, L., Effects of vibration frequency and loading on lower limb muscle activation and time-varying multi-muscle coactivation in whole-body vibration training among recreational runners, J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal. Interact., 2025, 25(3): 328–340. 10.22540/JMNI-25-328.
  24. Cai, Z.Y., Wang, W.Y., Lin, J.D., Wu, C.M., Effects of whole body vibration training combined with blood flow restriction on muscle adaptation, Eur. J. Sport Sci., 2021, 21(2): 204–212. 10.1080/17461391.2020.1728389.
  25. Karatrantou, K., Bilios, P., Bogdanis, G.C., Ioakimidis, P., Soulas, E., Gerodimos, V., Effects of whole-body vibration training frequency on neuromuscular performance: a randomized controlled study, Biol. Sport, 2019, 36(3): 273–282. 10.5114/biolsport.2019.87049.
  26. Hermens, H.J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., et al., European recommendations for surface electromyography, Roessingh Res. Dev., 1999, 8(2): 13–54.
  27. Farina, K.A., Hahn, M.E., Increasing Step Rate Affects Rearfoot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces during Running, Biology, 2022, 11(1): 8. 10.3390/biology11010008.
  28. Vaverka, F., Elfmark, M., Svoboda, Z., Janura, M., System of gait analysis based on ground reaction force assessment, Acta. Gymnica., 2015, 45(4): 187–193. 10.5507/ag.2015.022.
  29. Xu, Y., Yang, Y., He S., Yang, C., Zhang, S., Fu, W., et al., Running-induced fatigue influences lower extremity muscle synergy and related biomechanics, Gait. Posture., 2025, 119: 163–170. 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.03.008.
  30. Beltrame, G., Scano, A., Marino, G., Peccati, A., Molinari Tosatti, L., Portinaro, N., Recent developments in muscle synergy analysis in young people with neurodevelopmental diseases: A systematic review, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 2023, 11: 1145937. 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1145937.
  31. Wang, S., Varas-Diaz, G., Bhatt, T., Muscle synergy differences between voluntary and reactive backward stepping, Sci. Re.p, 2021, 11(1): 15462. 10.1038/s41598-021-94699-z.
  32. Chen, X., Feng, Y., Chang, Q., Yu, J., Chen, J., Xie, P., Muscle Synergy during Wrist Movements Based on Non-Negative Tucker Decomposition, Sensors, 2024, 24(10): 3225. 10.3390/s24103225.
  33. Lagos-Hausheer, L., Vergara, S., Munoz-Martel, V., Pequera, G., Bona, R.L., Biancardi, C.M., Muscle synergies during the walk-run and run-walk transitions, PeerJ., 2024, 12: e18162. 10.7717/peerj.18162.
  34. Saito, A., Tomita, A., Ando, R., Watanabe, K., Akima, H., Muscle synergies are consistent across level and uphill treadmill running, Sci. Rep., 2018, 8(1): 5979. 10.1038/s41598-018-24332-z.
  35. Cappellini, G., Ivanenko, Y.P., Poppele, R.E., Lacquaniti, F., Motor Patterns in Human Walking and Running, J Neurophysiol., 2006, 95(6): 3426–3437. 10.1152/jn.00081.2006.
  36. Santuz, A., Ekizos, A., Janshen, L., Baltzopoulos, V., Arampatzis, A., The influence of footwear on the modular organization of running, Front. Physiol., 2017, 8. 10.3389/fphys.2017.00958.
  37. Carson, R.G., Changes in muscle coordination with training, J. Appl. Physiol., 2006, 101(5): 1506–1513. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2006.
  38. Hamner, S.R., Seth, A., Delp, S.L., Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running, J. Biomech., 2010, 43(14): 2709–2716. 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025.
  39. Park, S., Caldwell, G.E., Muscle synergies are modified with improved task performance in skill learning, Hum. Mov. Sci., 2022, 83, 102946. 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102946.
  40. Matsunaga, N., Imai, A., Kaneoka, K., Comparison of muscle synergies before and after 10 minutes of running, J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 2017, 29(7): 1242–1246. 10.1589/jpts.29.1242.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37190/abb/220282 | Journal eISSN: 2450-6303 | Journal ISSN: 1509-409X
Language: English
Page range: 28 - 40
Submitted on: Dec 22, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 1, 2026
Published on: Sep 21, 2026
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Hyeri Nam, Ruipeng Liu, Menghan Xu, Chaoyu Guo, Van Minh Le, Lin Wang, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.