References
- Gustafsson PM: Peripheral airway involvement in CF and asthma compared by inert gas washout. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007;42:168-176.
- Saunders C, Bayfield K, Irving S, Short C, Bush A, Davis JC. Developments in multiple breath washout testing in children with cystic fibrosis. CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION 2017;33:613-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1268999
- Subbarao P, Milla C, Aurora P, Davies JC, Davis SD, Hall GL, Heltshe S, Latzin P, Lindblad A, Pittman JE, Robinson PD, Rosenfeld M, Singer F, Starner TD, Ratjen F, Morgan W. Multiple-Breath Washout as a Lung Function Test in Cystic Fibrosis. A Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(6):932-939. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201501-021FR.
- Rosenfeld M, Allen J, Arets BHGM, Aurora P, Beydon N, Calogero C, Castile RG, Davis SD, Fuchs S, Gappa M, Gustaffson PM, Hall GL, Jones MH, Kirkby JC, Kraemer R, Lombardi E, Lum S, Maye OH, Merkus P, Nielsen KG, Oliver C, Oostveen E, Ranganathan S, Ren CL, Robinson PD, Seddon PC, Sly PD, Sockrider MM, Sonnappa S, Stocks J, SubbaraoP, Tepper RS, Vilozni D. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Optimal Lung Function Tests for Monitoring Cystic Fibrosis, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, and Recurrent Wheezing in Children Less Than 6 Years of Age. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013;10(2):1-11.
- Robinson PD, Latzin P, Gustafsson PM. Multiple-breath washout. In: Frey U, Merkus PJFM, editors. Paediatic Lung Function. Eur Respir Mon. 2010;47:87-104.
- Robinson PD, Goldman MD, Gustafsson PM. Inert gas washout: teoretical background and clinical utility in respiratory disease. Respiration 2009;78:339-355.
- Darling RC, Cournand A, Mansfield JS, Richards DW. Studies on the intrapulmonary mixture of gases. I. Nitrogen elimination from blood and body tissues during high oxygen breathing. J Clin Invest 1940;19:591-597.
- Singer F, Houltz B, Latzin P, Robinson P, Gustafsson P. A realistic validation study of a new nitrogen multiplebreath washout system. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36083. PubMed PMID: 22558338. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3338632. Epub 2012/05/05. Eng.
- Beydon N, Davis SD, Lombardi E, Allen JJ, Arets HGM, Aurora P et al. An o+ cial American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Pulmonay Function Testing in Prescool Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;157:1304-1345. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200605-642ST.
- Robinson PD, Latzin P, Verbanck S, Hall GL, Horsley A, Gappa M, Thamrin C, Arets HGM, AuroraP, Fuchs SI, King GG, Lum S, Macleod K, Paiva M, Pillow JJ,
- Ranganathan S, Ratjen F, Singer F, Sonnappa S, Stocks J, Subbarao P, Thompson BR, Gustafsson PM. Consensus statement for inert gas washout measurement using multiple-and singlebreath tests Eur Respir J. 2013;41:507-522 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00069712.
- Horsley A. Non-invasive assessment of ventilation maldistribution in lung disease using multiple breath inert gas washouts. PhD thesis. Edinburgh University, 2009.
- Bradley JM, O’Neill K, Dentice R, Elkins M. Improving airway clearance in cystic fibrosis lung disease. In: Mall MA, Elborn JS,editors. ERS Monogr 2014;64:169-187.
- Verbanck S, Paiva M, Schuermans D, Hanon S, Vincken W, Van Muylemet A. Relationships between the lung clearance index and conductive and acinar ventilation heterogeneity. J Appl Physio. 2012;112:782-790.
- Aurora P., GustafssonP., Bush A et al. Multiple breath inert gas washout as a measure of ventilation distribution in children with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2004;59:1068-1078.
- Horsley AR, Gustafsson PM, Macleod KA, Saunders C, Greening AP, Porteous DJ, Davis JC, Cunningham S, Alton EWFW, Innes JA. Lung clearance index is a sensitive repeatable and practical measure of Airways disease in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2008;63:135-140.
- Fuchs SI, Eder J, Ellemunter H, Gappa M. Lung clearance index: normal values, repeatability and reproducibility in healthy children and adolescent. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44:1180-1185.
- Lum S, Gustafsson P, Ljungberg H, Hulskamp G, Bush A, Carr SB, Castle R, Hoo A, Price J, Ranganathan S, Stroobant J, Wade A, Wallis C, Wyatt H, Stocks J. Early detection of cystic fibrosis lung disease: multiple-breath washout vs. raised volume tests. Thorax 2007;62(4):341-347.
- Gustafsson PM, de Jong PA, Tiddens HA, LindbladMultiple-Breath Inert Gas Washout And Spirometry Vs A. Structural lung disease in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2008;63:129-34.
- Fuchs SI, Sturz J, Junge S, Ballmann M, Gappa M. A novel sidestream ultrasonic flow sensor for multiple-breath washout in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43:731-738.
- Fuchs SI, Gappa M. Lung clearance index: clinical and research applications in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2011;12(4):264-270.
- Stocks J, Thia LP, Sonnappa S. Evaluation and use of childhood lung function tests in cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(6):602-608.
- Saji A, Khalid A, Anderson AK, Balfour-Lynn I, Bentley S, Buchdahl R et al. Clinical guidelines for the care of children with cystic fibrosis 7th ed. Royal Brompton &Harefield NHS Foundation Trust; 2017 www.rbht.nhs.uk/childrencf
- Davies JC, Sheridan H, Lee P-S, Song T, Stone A, Ratjen F. Effect of ivacaftor on lung function in subjects with CF who have the G551D-CFTR mutation and mild lung disease: a comparison of lung clearance index (LCI) vs. spirometry. J Cyst Fibros 2012;11(Suppl.1):S15.
- Gustafsson PM, Ljungberg HK, Kjellman B: Peripheral airway involvement in asthma assessed by single-breath SF 6 and He washout. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:1033-1039.
- Downie SR, Salome CM, Verbanck S, Thompson B, Berend N, King GG: Ventilation heterogeneity is a major determinant of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma, independent of airway inflammation. Thorax 2007;62:684-689.
- Venegas J: Linking ventilation heterogeneity and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Thorax 2007;62:6 53-654.
- Aljassim F, Robinson PD, Sigurs N, Gustafsson PM: A whisper from the silent lung zone. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44(8):829-32. doi: 10.1002/ppul.20837.
- Sonnappa S, Bastardo CM, McKenzie SA, Bush A, Aurora P: Conductive airways ventilation inhomogeneity is a frequent finding in preschool wheezers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med .2008;177: 701.
- Bourdin A, Paganin F, Prefaut C, Kieseler D, Godard P, Chanez P: Nitrogen washout slope in poorly controlled asthma. Allergy 2006;261:85-89.
- Macleod KA, Horsley AR, Bell NJ, Greening AP, Innes JA, Cunningham S: Ventilation heterogeneity in well controlled asthmatic children, with normal spirometry, indicates residual airways disease. Thorax 2009;64:33-37.
- Verbanck S, Schuermans D, Paiva M, Vincken W: The functional benefit of anti-inflammatory aerosols in the lung periphery. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:340-346.
- Pillow JJ, Frerichs I, Stocks J. Lung function tests in neonates and infants with chronic lung disease: global and regional ventilation inhomogeneity. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41:105-121.
- Hjalmarson O, Sandberg K. Abnormal lung function in healthy preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:83-87.
- Kao J, Zirbes JM, Conrad CK, Milla CE. Lung clearance index is sensitive to small airway disease in pediatric lung transplant recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2017.05.004
- Lahzami S, Schoeffel R, Reid C, et al. Peripheral airway declines following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179:A5081.
- Khalid Y, Mellgren K, Fasth A, et al. Obliterative bronchiolitis after stem cell transplantation. Inert gas washout makes early diagnosis of this serious complication possible. Lakartidningen 2007;104:3373-3376.
- Irving SJ, Ives A, Davis G, Donovan J, Edey AJ, Gill SS, Nair A, Saunders C, Wijesekera NT, Alton EW, Hansell D, Hogg C, Davies JC, Bush A. Lung Clearance Index and High-Resolution Computed Tomography Scores in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;5:545-549.
- Boon M, Vermeulen FL, Gysemans W, Proesmans M, Jorissen M,De Boeck K. Lung structure-function correlation in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Thorax 2015 Apr;70(4):339-345.
- Majaesic CM, Jones R, Dinu IA, Montgomery MD, Souve RS, Robertson CM. Clinical correlations and pulmonary function at 8 years of age after severe neonatal respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42:829-837.
- Dotta A, Palamides S, Braguglia A, Crescenzi F, Ronchetti MP, Calzolari F, Iacobelli BD, Bagolan P, Corchia C, Orzalesi M. Lung volumes and distribution of ventilation in survivors to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) during infancy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42:600-604.