References
- Autesserre, S. 2006. ‘Local violence, national peace? Postwar “settlement” in the Eastern DR Congo (2003–2006)’. African Studies Review, 49(3): 1–29. DOI: 10.1353/arw.2007.0007
- Brown, S and Grävingholt, J. (eds.) 2016. The Securitization of Foreign Aid. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-56882-3
- Clapham, A. 2006. Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288465.001.0001
- Collier, P and Hoeffler, A. 1998. ‘On economic causes of civil war’. Oxford Economic Papers, 50(4): 563–573. DOI: 10.1093/oep/50.4.563
- Cooley, A and Ron, J. 2002. ‘The NGO scramble: Organizational insecurity and the political economy of transnational action’. International Security, 27(1): 5–39. DOI: 10.1162/016228802320231217
- De Ree, J and Nillesen, E. 2009. ‘Aiding violence or peace? The impact of foreign aid on the risk of civil conflict in sub-Saharan Africa’. Journal of Development Economics, 88(2): 301–313. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.03.005
- Duffield, M. 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. New York: Zed Books. DOI: 10.1177/0967010612457975
- Duffield, M. 2012. Challenging Environments: Danger, Resilience and the Aid Industry. London: Zed Books.
- Edmark, K. 2005. Unemployment and crime: Is there a connection? The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107(2): 353–373. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2005.00412.x
- Fast, LA. 2010. ‘Mind the gap: Documenting and explaining violence against aid workers’. European Journal of International Relations, 16(3): 365–389. DOI: 10.1177/1354066109350048
- Fast, LA. 2014. Aid in Danger. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: 10.9783/9780812209631
- Forest, J. 2012. ‘Global trends in kidnapping by terrorist groups’. Global Change, Peace & Security, 24(3): 311–330. DOI: 10.1080/14781158.2012.714766
- Gassmann, P. 2005. ‘Rethinking humanitarian security’. Humanitarian Exchange, 30: 32–34.
https://odihpn.org/en/publication/rethinking-humanitarian-security/ . - Hoelscher, K, Miklian, J and Nygård, HM. 2017. ‘Conflict, peacekeeping, and humanitarian security: Understanding violent attacks against aid workers’. International Peacekeeping, 24(4): 538–565. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2017.1321958
- Howell, J and Lind, J. 2009. ‘Manufacturing civil society and the limits of legitimacy: Aid, security and civil society after 9/11 in Afghanistan’. European Journal of Development Research, 21(5): 718–736. DOI: 10.1057/ejdr.2009.40
- Humanitarian Outcomes. 2024. Aid Worker Security Database. Available at:
https://www.aidworkersecurity.org/ [Last accessed 14 February 2025]. - Humanitarian Outcomes. 2025. Aid Worker Security Database (AWSD) Codebook. London.
https://humanitarianoutcomes.org/AWSD-codebook . - James, E. 2016. ‘The professional humanitarian and the downsides of professionalisation’. Disasters, 40(2): 185–206. DOI: 10.1111/disa.12140
- Jenkins, EJ. 2002. ‘Black women and community violence’. Women & Therapy, 25(3–4): 29–44. DOI: 10.1300/J015v25n03_03
- King, D. 2002. ‘Paying the ultimate price: An analysis of aid-worker fatalities’. Humanitarian Exchange, 21: 15–16.
https://odihpn.org/en/publication/rethinking-humanitarian-security/ . - Mitchell, D. 2015. ‘Blurred lines? Provincial reconstruction teams and NGO insecurity in Afghanistan, 2010–2011’. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4(1). DOI: 10.5334/sta.ev
- Monaghan, J. 2017. Security Aid: Canada and the Development Regime of Security. University of Toronto Press. DOI: 10.3138/9781487512651
- Narang, N and Stanton, JA. 2017. ‘A strategic logic of attacking aid workers: Evidence from violence in Afghanistan’. International Studies Quarterly, 61(1): 38–51. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqw053
- Oriola, TB. 2016. Criminal Resistance?: The Politics of Kidnapping Oil Workers. London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315574837
- Oxfam America. 2008. Smart Development: Why US Foreign Aid Demands Major Reform. Oxfam America.
https://www.academia.edu/12002190/Smart_Development_Why_US_foreign_aid_demands_major_reform . - Petřík, J. 2008. ‘Securitization of official development aid: Analysis of current debate’. In: 2008 International Peace Research Conference,
14–19 August 2008 , pp. 14–19.https://www.academia.edu/2268910/Securitization_of_Official_Development_Aid_Analysis_of_current_debate . - Putman, KM, Lantz, JI, Townsend, CL, Gallegos, AM, Potts, AA, Roberts, RC, Cree, ER, de Villagrán, M, Eriksson, CB and Foy, DW. 2009. ‘Exposure to violence, support needs, adjustment, and motivators among Guatemalan humanitarian aid workers’. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44(1): 109–125. DOI: 10.1007/s10464-009-9249-5
- Rosser, A. 2009. ‘Risk management, neo-liberalism and coercion: The Asian Development Bank’s approach to ‘fragile states’’. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 63(3): 376–389. DOI: 10.1080/10357710903104844
- Rowley, EA, Crape, BL and Burnham, GM. 2008. ‘Violence-related mortality and morbidity of humanitarian workers’. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 3(1):39. DOI: 10.5055/ajdm.2008.0005
- Schaefer, FC, Blazer, DG, Carr, KF, Connor, KM, Burchett, B, Schaefer, CA and Davidson, JRT. 2007. ‘Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in cross-cultural mission assignments’. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4): 529–39. DOI: 10.1002/jts.20240
- Skeppström, E, Wiklund, CH and Jonsson, M. 2015. ‘European Union training missions: security sector reform or counter-insurgency by proxy?’ European Security, 24(2): 353–67. DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2014.972382
- Stoddard, A. 2020. Necessary Risks: Professional Humanitarianism and Violence Against Aid Workers. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-26411-6
- Stoddard, A, Harmer, A and DiDomenico, V. 2009. Providing aid in insecure environments: 2009 update, Trends in violence against aid workers and the operational response. HPG Policy Brief: Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute [in association with the] Center on International Cooperation.
https://humanitarianoutcomes.org/sites/default/files/publications/providingaidininsecureenvironments2009.pdf . - Stoddard, A, Harmer, A and Haver, K. 2006. Providing aid in insecure environments: Trends in policy and operations. Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute [in association with the] Center on International Cooperation.
https://humanitarianoutcomes.org/publications/providing-aid-insecure-environments-trends-policy-and-operations-full-report . - Stubbert, CH, Pires, SF and Guerette, RT. 2015. ‘Crime science and crime epidemics in developing countries: A reflection on kidnapping for ransom in Colombia, South America’. Crime Science, 4(1): 23. DOI: 10.1186/s40163-015-0034-5
- Swiss, L. 2011. ‘Security sector reform and development assistance: Explaining the diffusion of policy priorities among donor agencies’. Qualitative Sociology, 34(2): 371–93. DOI: 10.1007/s11133-011-9194-0
- Swiss, L. 2012.
‘Gender, Security, and Instrumentalism: Canada’s Foreign Aid in Support of National Interest?’ In: Brown, S (ed.) Struggling for Effectiveness: CIDA and Canadian Foreign Aid. Montréal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 135–58. DOI: 10.1515/9780773587083-008 - Swiss, L. 2014.
‘Mimicry and Motives: Canadian Aid Allocation in Longitudinal Perspective’ . In: Brown, S, Black, DR and den Heyer, M (eds.) Rethinking Canadian Aid. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 101–24. - Swiss, L. 2016.
‘Space for Gender Equality in the Security and Development Agenda? Insights from Three Donors’ . In: Brown, S and Grävingholt, J (eds.) The Securitization of Foreign Aid. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 188–211. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-56882-3_9 - Swiss, L. 2018. The Globalization of Foreign Aid: Developing Consensus. London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203704042
- Tierney, MJ, Nielson, DL, Hawkins, DG, Roberts, JT, Findley, MG, Powers, RM, Parks, B, Wilson, SE and Hicks, RL. 2011. ‘More dollars than sense: Refining our knowledge of development finance using AidData’. World Development, 39(11): 1891–906. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.029
- Wæver, O. 1995.
‘Securitization and Desecuritization’ . In: Lipschutz, RD (ed.) On Security. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 46–86. - Walker, P and Russ, C. 2010. Professionalising the Humanitarian Sector: A Scoping Study. Enhancing Learning and Research for Humanitarian Assistance.
- Wood, RM and Molfino, E. 2016. ‘Aiding victims, abetting violence: The influence of humanitarian aid on violence patterns during civil conflict’. Journal of Global Security Studies, 1(3): 186–203. DOI: 10.1093/jogss/ogw007
- Wood, RM and Sullivan, C. 2015. ‘Doing harm by doing good? The negative externalities of humanitarian aid provision during civil conflict’. The Journal of Politics, 77(3): 736–48. DOI: 10.1086/681239
- World Bank. 2023. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.
https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators . - Zürcher, C. 2017. ‘What do we (not) know about development aid and violence? A systematic review’. World Development, 98: 506–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33534/sta.986 | Journal eISSN: 2165-2627
Language: English
Page range: 2 - 2
Submitted on: Feb 17, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 19, 2025
Published on: Nov 7, 2025
Published by: Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2025 Liam Swiss, Heather Dicks, published by Department of Peace Studies and International Development, University of Bradford
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
