Table 1
Acculturation measure scale items (Carlson & Güler 2018).
| 1. I enjoy (nationality) entertainment (e.g., movies, music). |
| 2. I am interested in having (nationality) friends. |
| 3. I enjoy social activities with (nationality) people. |
| 4. I participate in (nationality) cultural events. |
| 5. I feel comfortable speaking (nationality) language. |
| 6. My thinking is done in the (nationality) language. |
| 7. I have strong ties with the (nationality) community. |
| 8. I enjoy (nationality) jokes and humor. |
| 9. It is important to me to maintain the practices of (nationality) culture. |
| 10. I behave in ways that are typically (nationality). |
| 11. I would be willing to marry a (nationality) person (if single). |
| 12. I enjoy (nationality) food. |
Figure 1
The potential values of cultural involvement (CI) (Carlson & Güler 2018: 629).
Figure 2
The potential values of cultural preference (CP) (Carlson & Güler 2018: 630).
Table 2
Self-ranked second language proficiency.
| FINNISH/LATVIAN | ENGLISH | BOTH FINNISH/LATVIAN AND ENGLISH | TOTAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finnish sample | 62 (46.61%) | 61 (45.86%) | 10 (7.51%) | 133 |
| Latvian sample | 46 (50.54%) | 30 (32.96%) | 15 (16.48) | 91 |
| Samples together | 108 (48.21%) | 91 (40.62%) | 25 (11.2%) | 224 |
[i] N = 224.
Table 3
Most used languages outside of the home.
| RUSSIAN | FINNISH/LATVIAN | ENGLISH | TOTAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finnish sample | 38 (28.57%) | 54 (40.60%) | 41 (30.82%) | 133 |
| Latvian sample | 72 (79.12%) | 16 (17.58%) | 3 (3.3%) | 91 |
| Samples together | 110 (49.10%) | 70 (31.25%) | 44 (19.64%) | 224 |
[i] N = 224.
Figure 3
Second language proficiency and Cultural Involvement (CI) of Latvian and Finnish samples.
Figure 4
Second language proficiency and Cultural Preference (CP) of Latvian and Finnish samples.
Figure 5
Most used language and Cultural Involvement (CI).
Figure 6
Most used language and Cultural Preference (CP).
Appendix 1
Two-way analysis of variance for language proficiency and CI.
| DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE: CULTURAL INVOLVEMENT (CI) | ||||
| FINNISH OR LATVIAN | SECOND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY | MEAN | STD. DEVIATION | N |
| Latvian sample | Latvian/Finnish | 6.5000 | 1.01105 | 46 |
| English | 5.8333 | 0.91287 | 30 | |
| Both English and Latvian/Finnish | 6.1333 | 1.04312 | 15 | |
| Total | 6.2198 | 1.01983 | 91 | |
| Finnish Sample | Latvian/Finnish | 6.5726 | 0.79880 | 62 |
| English | 5.9180 | 0.79880 | 61 | |
| Both English and Latvian/Finnish | 6.6500 | 0.74722 | 10 | |
| Total | 6.2782 | 0.95428 | 133 | |
| Total | Latvian/Finnish | 6.5417 | 0.89161 | 108 |
| English | 5.8901 | 0.97696 | 91 | |
| Both English and Latvian/Finnish | 6.3400 | 0.95438 | 25 | |
| Total | 6.2545 | 0.97960 | 224 | |
Appendix 2
Two-way analysis of variance for language proficiency and CP.
| DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE: CULTURAL PREFERENCE (CP) | ||||
| FINNISH OR LATVIAN | SECOND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY | MEAN | STD. DEVIATION | N |
| Latvian sample | Latvian/Finnish | 0.9130 | 1.29230 | 46 |
| English | 0.9667 | 1.14420 | 30 | |
| Both English and Latvian/Finnish | 1.2667 | 1.14746 | 15 | |
| Total | 0.9890 | 1.21559 | 91 | |
| Finnish sample | Latvian/Finnish | 0.2500 | 1.17609 | 62 |
| English | 0.7213 | 1.20597 | 61 | |
| Both English and Latvian/Finnish | 0.3500 | 0.88349 | 10 | |
| Total | 0.4737 | 1.18596 | 133 | |
| Total | Latvian/Finnish | 0.5324 | 1.26468 | 108 |
| English | 0.8022 | 1.18528 | 91 | |
| Both English and Latvian/Finnish | 0.9000 | 1.12731 | 25 | |
| Total | 0.6830 | 1.22199 | 224 | |
Appendix 3
Two-way analysis of variance for most used language and CI.
| DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE: CULTURAL INVOLVEMENT (CI) | ||||
| FINNISH OR LATVIAN | MOST USED LANGUAGE | MEAN | STD. DEVIATION | N |
| Latvian sample | Finnish/Latvian | 6.9375 | 0.83417 | 16 |
| Russian | 6.0625 | 1.00680 | 72 | |
| English | 6.1667 | 0.76376 | 3 | |
| Total | 6.2198 | 1.01983 | 91 | |
| Finnish sample | Finnish/Latvian | 6.6574 | 0.75125 | 54 |
| Russian | 6.1974 | 0.85059 | 38 | |
| English | 5.8537 | 1.09684 | 41 | |
| Total | 6.2782 | 0.95428 | 133 | |
| Total | Finnish/Latvian | 6.7214 | 0.77383 | 70 |
| Russian | 6.1091 | 0.95394 | 110 | |
| English | 5.8750 | 1.07360 | 44 | |
| Total | 6.2545 | 0.97960 | 224 | |
Appendix 4
Two-way analysis of variance for most used language and CP.
| DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE: CULTURAL PREFERENCE (CP) | ||||
| FINNISH OR LATVIAN | MOST USED LANGUAGE | MEAN | STD. DEVIATION | N |
| Latvian sample | Finnish/Latvian | –0.3125 | 1.06262 | 16 |
| Russian | 1.2986 | 1.04699 | 72 | |
| English | 0.5000 | 1.32288 | 3 | |
| Total | 0.9890 | 1.21559 | 91 | |
| Finnish sample | Finnish/Latvian | –0.1204 | 0.99496 | 54 |
| Russian | 1.2763 | 1.24498 | 38 | |
| English | 0.5122 | 0.89783 | 41 | |
| Total | 0.4737 | 1.18596 | 133 | |
| Total | Finnish/Latvian | –0.1643 | 1.00622 | 70 |
| Russian | 1.2909 | 1.11368 | 110 | |
| English | 0.5114 | 0.91174 | 44 | |
| Total | 0.6830 | 1.22199 | 224 | |