References
- Baloch S, Baloch MA, Zheng T, Pei X. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020 Apr;250(4):271–278. http://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.250.271
- Calderon M, Gysin G, Gujjar A, McMaster A, King L, Comande D, Hunter E, Payne B. Bacterial co-infection and antibiotic stewardship in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2023 Jan;23(1):14. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07942-x
- Chakradhar S. A curious connection: Teasing apart the link between gut microbes and lung disease. Nat Med. 2017 Apr;23(4):402–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0417-402
- CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 34th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne (USA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2024.
- Cultrera R, Barozzi A, Libanore M, Marangoni E, Pora R, Quarta B, Spadaro S, Ragazzi R, Marra A, Segala D, et al. Co-infections in critically ill patients with or without COVID-19: A comparison of clinical microbial culture findings. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr;18(8):4358. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084358
- Dias SP, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Sex and gender differences in bacterial infections. Infect Immun. 2022 Oct;90(10):e0028322. http://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00283-22
- Garcia-Vidal C, Sanjuan G, Moreno-García E, Puerta-Alcalde P, Garcia-Pouton N, Chumbita M, Fernandez-Pittol M, Pitart C, Inciarte A, Bodro M, et al; COVID-19 Researchers Group. Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Jan;27(1):83–88. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. cmi.2020.07.041
- Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, Mac-Fadden DR, Soucy JR, Daneman N. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: A living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Dec;26(12):1622–1629. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016
- Lee J, Chang E, Jung J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Kim SH, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Bae S. Bacterial co-infection and empirical antibacterial therapy in patients with COVID-19. J Korean Med Sci. 2023 Jan;38(4):e37. http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e37
- Melvin JA, Bomberger JM. Compromised defenses: Exploitation of epithelial responses during viral-bacterial co-infection of the respiratory Tract. PLoS Pathog. 2016 Sep;12(9):e1005797. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005797
- Monem S, Furmanek-Blaszk B, Łupkowska A, Kuczyńska-Wisnik D, Stojowska-Swędrzyńska K, Laskowska E. Mechanisms protecting Acinetobacter baumannii against multiple stresses triggered by the host immune response, antibiotics and outside-host environment. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul;21(15):5498. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155498
- Mutua JM, Njeru JM, Musyoki AM. Multidrug resistant bacterial infections in severely ill COVID-19 patients admitted in a national referral and teaching hospital, Kenya. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Nov;22(1):877. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07885-3
- NHC, NATCM. Diagnosis and treatment protocol for COVID-19 (Trial version 10) [Internet]. Beijing (People’s Republic of China): National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 2023 Jan 5 [cited 2023 Dec 12]. Available from https://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/c100378/202301/70cbd526e6d34087b19a6e907d7b166e.shtml
- Pandey M, May A, Tan L, Hughes H, Jones JP, Harrison W, Bradburn S, Tyrrel S, Muthuswamy B, Berry N, et al. Comparative incidence of early and late bloodstream and respiratory tract co-infection in patients admitted to ICU with COVID-19 pneumonia versus Influenza A or B pneumonia versus no viral pneumonia: Wales multicentre ICU cohort study. Crit Care. 2022 Jun;26(1):158. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-022-04026-9
- Rai P, Kumar BK, Deekshit VK, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Detection technologies and recent developments in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Jan;105(2):441–455. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-11061-5
- Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Eftekhar E, Dadinasab M, Hesarooeyeh ZG, Pakdaman P, Razmpour F, Javedan G, Khayatian M, Azad MH, Davoodian P, et al. The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on clinical symptoms and serum inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2023 Feb;24(1):87. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07107-4
- Sang L, Xi Y, Lin Z, Pan Y, Song B, Li CA, Zheng X, Zhong M, Jiang L, Pan C, et al. Secondary infection in severe and critical COVID-19 patients in China: A multicenter retrospective study. Ann Palliat Med. 2021 Aug;10(8):8557–8570. http://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21-833
- Shankar C, Nabarro LEB, Anandan S, Veeraraghavan B. Minocycline and tigecycline: what is their role in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative organisms? Microb Drug Resist. 2017 Jun;23(4):437–446. http://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2016.0043
- Tiri B, Sensi E, Marsiliani V, Cantarini M, Priante G, Vernelli C, Martella LA, Costantini M, Mariottini A, Andreani P, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship program, COVID-19, and infection control: Spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization in ICU COVID-19 Patients. What Did Not Work? J Clin Med. 2020 Aug;9(9):2744. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092744
- Wang H, Paulson KR, Pease SA, Watson S, Comfort H, Zheng P, Aravkin AY, Bisignano C, Barber RM, Alam T, et al.; COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. Lancet. 2022 Apr;399(10334):1513–1536. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02796-3
- Wang L, Amin AK, Khanna P, Aali A, McGregor A, Bassett P, Gopal Rao G. An observational cohort study of bacterial co-infection and implications for empirical antibiotic therapy in patients presenting with COVID-19 to hospitals in North West London. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Feb;76(3):796–803. http://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa475