Table I
Antibiotic susceptibility testing abbreviations.
| Abbreviation | Full Name |
|---|---|
| SAM | Ampicillin-sulbactam |
| TZP | Piperacillin-tazobactam |
| CZO | Cefazolin |
| CTT | Cefotetan |
| CAZ | Ceftazidime |
| CRO | Ceftriaxone |
| FEP | Cefepime |
| ATM | Aztreonam |
| ETP | Ertapenem |
| IPM | Imipenem |
| AMK | Amikacin |
| GM | Gentamicin |
| TOB | Tobramycin |
| CIP | Ciprofloxacin |
| LVX | Levofloxacin |
| SXT | Trimeth oprim-sulfameth oxazole |
| CSL | Cefoperazone-sulbactam |
| MEM | Meropenem |
| DOX | Doxycycline |
| MNO | Minocycline |
| TGC | Tigecycline |
| CS | Colistin |
Table II
Demographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients with bacterial infection.
| Overall sample (n = 300) | Mild group (n = 90) | Moderate group (n = 90) | Severe group (n = 120) | p-value | |
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Median age (years) | 79 (59–92) | 79 (59–84) | 81 (68–89) | 78(69–92) | 0.578 |
| Sex (n (%)) | |||||
| Male | 240 | 60/90 (66.7%) | 80/90 (88.8%) | 100/120 (83.3%) | 0.001 |
| Female | 60 | 30/90 (33.3%) | 10/90 (11.1%) | 20/120 (16.6%) | 0.001 |
| Clinical symptoms | |||||
| Fever | 220 | 70/90 (77.8%) | 60/90 (66.7%) | 90/120 (75.0%) | 0.210 |
| Fatigue | 70 | 10/90 (11.1%) | 20/90(22.2%) | 40/120 (33.3%) | 0.001 |
| Difficulty breathing | 200 | 70/90 (77.8%) | 60/90 (66.7%) | 70/120 (58.3%) | 0.012 |
| Vomiting | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30/120 (25.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Cough and expectoration | 290 | 90/90 (100%) | 90/90 (100%) | 110/120 (91.7%) | < 0.001 |
Fig. 1.
Age distribution of COVID-19 patients with bacterial co-infection, stratified by disease severity.
Fig. 2.
Types of bacterial infections in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
Fig. 3.
Distribution of bacterial pathogens in COVID-19 patients with co-infections, stratified by disease severity. A) Mild group (n = 90); B) moderate group (n = 90); C) severe group (n = 120).
Fig. 4.
Drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in different groups.
Fig. 5.
Drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in different groups. Notably, no resistance to any tested antibiotic was detected in bacterial isolates from the mild COVID-19 group.