References
- Alekshun MN, Levy SB. Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance. Cell. 2007 Mar;128(6):1037–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.004
- Amr GE, Gammal SA. Emergence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in ICUs of Zagazig University Hospitals. Egypt J Med Microbiol. 2017 Apr;26(2):53–59.
- Ašembergienė J, Gurskis V, Kėvalas R, Valintėlienė R. Nosocomial infections in the pediatric intensive care units in Lithuania. Medicina. 2009;45(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina45010005
- Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS. Molecular strategies of Staphylococcus aureus for resisting antibiotics, In: Somerville GA, editor. Staphylococcus: Genetics and physiology. Norfolk (UK): Caister Academic Press; 2016. p 249–300. https://doi.org/10.21775/9781910190494.11
- Burdett V. Purification and characterization of Tet(M), a protein that renders ribosomes resistant to tetracycline. J Biol Chem. 1991 Feb;266(5):2872–2877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49928-0
- Cetin ES, Gunes H, Kaya S, Aridogan BC, Demirci M. Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance phenotypes in clinical staphylococcal isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Apr;31(4):364–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.014
- Cheng MP, René P, Cheng AP, Lee TC. Back to the future: Penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med. 2016 Dec;129(12): 1331–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.048
- Chi CY, Lin CC, Liao IC, Yao YC, Shen FC, Liu CC, Lin CF. Panton-Valentine leukocidin facilitates the escape of Staphylococcus aureus from human keratinocyte endosomes and induces apoptosis. J Infect Dis. 2014 Jan;209(2):224–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit445
- Coia JE, Wilson JA, Bak A, Marsden GL, Shimonovich M, Loveday HP, Humphreys H, Wigglesworth N, Demirjian A, Brooks J, et al. Joint Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) and Infection Prevention Society (IPS) guidelines for the prevention and control of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities. J Hosp Infect. 2021 Dec;118S:S1–S39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.022
- Davido B, Lawrence C, Dinh A, Bouchand F. Back to the future with the use of penicillin in penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (PSSA) bacteremia. Am J Med. 2018 Apr;131(4):e155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.10.032
- Diederen BM, Kluytmans JA. The emergence of infections with community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect. 2006 Mar;52(3):157–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2005.09.001
- Dufour P, Gillet Y, Bes M, Lina G, Vandenesch F, Floret D, Etienne J, Richet H. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in France: Emergence of a single clone that produces Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Oct;35(7):819–824. https://doi.org/10.1086/342576
- ElSayed N, Ashour M, Amine AEK. Vancomycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a rural setting, Egypt. Germs. 2018 Sep;8(3):134–139. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1140
- ECDC. Antimicrobial resistance in the EU/EEA (EARS-Net) – Annual Epidemiological Report 2019. Stockholm (Sweden): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 26]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/surveillance-antimicrobial-resistance-europe-2019
- Gallagher LA, Coughlan S, Black NS, Lalor P, Waters EM, Wee B, Watson M, Downing T, Fitzgerald JR, Fleming GTA, et al. Tandem amplification of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element can drive high-level methicillin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Aug;61(9):e00869–17. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00869-17
- Gianino MM, Lenzi J, Bonaudo M, Fantini MP, Ricciardi W, Damiani G. Predictors and trajectories of antibiotic consumption in 22 EU countries: Findings from a time series analysis (2000–2014). PLoS One. 2018 Jun;13(6):e0199436.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199436
- Institute of Hygiene. [Epidemiological monitoring of nosocomial infections in resuscitation and intensive care units in 2020 reports] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius (Lithuania): Health Information Center of the Institute of Hygiene. Institute of Hygiene; 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 26]. Available from https://sena.hi.lt/lt/hospitaliniu-infekciju-epidemiologines-priezi-uros-reanimacijos-ir-intensyvios-terapijos-skyriuose-ataskaitos.html
- Jensen SO, Lyon BR. Genetics of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol. 2009 Jun;4(5):565–582. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.09.30
- Karki T, Truusalu K, Vainumäe I, Mikelsaar M. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of community- and hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Estonia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001; 33(5):333–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/003655401750173904
- Khodabandeh M, Mohammadi M, Abdolsalehi MR, Alvandi-manesh A, Gholami M, Bibalan MH, Pournajaf A, Kafshgari R, Rajabnia R. Analysis of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b among mecA-positive Staphylococcus Aureus isolates. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2019 Feb;10(1):25–31. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.06
- Kot B, Wierzchowska K, Piechota M, Grużewska A. Antimicrobial resistance patterns in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from patients hospitalized during 2015–2017 in hospitals in Poland. Med Princ Pract. 2020;29(1):61–68. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501788
- Lim KT, Hanifah YA, Yusof M, Thong KL. ermA, ermC, tetM and tetK are essential for erythromycin and tetracycline resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2012 Apr–Jun;30(2):203–207. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.96693
- Lina G, Quaglia A, Reverdy ME, Leclercq R, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 May;43(5):1062–1066. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.5.1062
- Löffler B, Hussain M, Grundmeier M, Brück M, Holzinger D, Varga G, Roth J, Kahl BC, Proctor RA, Peters G. Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin is a very potent cytotoxic factor for human neutrophils. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jan;6(1):e1000715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000715
- Ministry of Health of The Republic of Lithuania. [Order of the minister of health protection of the republic of Lithuania on the approval of the program for the prevention of the spread of antimicrobial drug resistant microorganisms for 2008–2014] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius (Lithuania): Ministry of Health of The Republic of Lithuania; 2007 [cited 2022 Apr 26]. Available from https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.309573
- Parvez MA, Shibata H, Nakano T, Niimi S, Fujii N, Arakaki N, Higuti T. No relationship exists between PBP 2a amounts expressed in different MRSA strains obtained clinically and their β-lactam MIC values. J Med Invest. 2008 Aug;55(3–4):246–253. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.55.246
- Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015; 109(7): 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
- Prévost G, Cribier B, Couppié P, Petiau P, Supersac G, Finck-Barbançon V, Monteil H, Piemont Y. Panton-Valentine leucocidin and gamma-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 49775 are encoded by distinct genetic loci and have different biological activities. Infect Immun. 1995 Oct;63(10):4121–4129. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.10.4121-4129.1995
- Resman F, Thegerström J, Månsson F, Ahl J, Tham J, Riesbeck K. The prevalence, population structure and screening test specificity of penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia isolates in Malmö, Sweden. J Infect. 2016 Aug;73(2):129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2016.05.011
- Romaniszyn D, Różańska A, Wójkowska-Mach J, Chmielarczyk A, Pobiega M, Adamski P, Helwich E, Lauterbach R, Borszewska-Kornacka M, Gulczyńska E, et al. Epidemiology, antibiotic consumption and molecular characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus infections – data from the Polish Neonatology Surveillance Network, 2009–2012. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;15:169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0890-3
- Rungelrath V, DeLeo FR. Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic resistance, and the interaction with human neutrophils. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2021 Feb;34(6):452–470. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2020.8127
- Sakr A, Brégeon F, Mège JL, Rolain JM, Blin O. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization: An update on mechanisms, epidemiology, risk factors, and subsequent infections. Front Microbiol. 2018 Oct; 9:2419. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02419
- Schmitz FJ, Krey A, Sadurski R, Verhoef J, Milatovic D, Fluit AC; European SENTRY Participants. Resistance to tetracycline and distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in European Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001 Feb;47(2):239–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/47.2.239
- Shallcross LJ, Fragaszy E, Johnson AM, Hayward AC. The role of the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin in staphylococcal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Jan; 13(1):43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70238-4
- EUCAST. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 12.0. Basel (Switzerland): The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 2022.
- Toh SM, Xiong L, Arias CA, Villegas MV, Lolans K, Quinn J, Mankin AS. Acquisition of a natural resistance gene renders a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the synthetic antibiotic linezolid. Mol Microbiol. 2007 Jun;64(6): 1506–1514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05744.x
- Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul;28(3):603–661. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00134-14
- Trzcinski K, Cooper BS, Hryniewicz W, Dowson CG. Expression of resistance to tetracyclines in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Jun;45(6):763–770. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/45.6.763
- Vestergaard M, Frees D, Ingmer H. Antibiotic resistance and the MRSA problem. Microbiol Spectr. 2019 Mar;7(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0057-2018
- Wannet WJ, Spalburg E, Heck ME, Pluister GN, Tiemersma E, Willems RJ, Huijsdens XW, de Neeling AJ, Etienne J. Emergence of virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying Panton-Valentine leucocidin genes in The Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Jul;43(7):3341–3345. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.7.3341-3345.2005
- Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, Nouwen JL. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005 Dec;5(12):751–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70295-4
- Wielders CL, Fluit AC, Brisse S, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ. mecA gene is widely disseminated in Staphylococcus aureus population. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Nov;40(11):3970–3975. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.11.3970-3975.2002
- Yahav D, Yassin S, Shaked H, Goldberg E, Bishara J, Paul M, Leibovici L. Risk factors for long-term mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016 May; 35(5):785–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2598-8