Comparison of the antimicrobial susceptibility of MSSA and MRSA strains_
| Antimicrobial | MSSA (n = 700) | MRSA (n = 45) | p-value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clindamycin | 670 (95.7%) | 34 (75.6%) | 0.000* | 7.23 (2.99–16.34) |
| Erythromycin | 641 (91.6%) | 17 (37.8%) | 0.000* | 17.89 (8.81–36.76) |
| Norfloxacin | 683 (97.6%) | 8 (17.8%) | 0.000* | 185.82 (70.11–518.18) |
| Fusidic acid | 674 (96.3%) | 44 (97.8%) | 0.820 | 0.59 (0.01–3.77) |
| Penicillin | 192 (27.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA | NA |
| Ciprofloxacin | 686 (98.0%) | 10 (22.2%) | 0.000* | 171.50 (65.93–457.45) |
| Tetracycline | 677 (95.3%) | 39 (86.7%) | 0.025 | 3.11 (1.00–8.12) |
| Gentamicin | 673 (96.1%) | 37 (82.2%) | 0.001 | 5.39 (1.97–13.24) |
| Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole | 699 (99.9%) | 44 (97.8%) | NA | NA |
Sequences of primers and detection hydrolysis probes_
| Target gene | Detection primers and hydrolysis probes |
|---|---|
| ermA | |
| ermA_F CAATGGTTGATGTCGYTCAAGAAC | |
| ermA_R ATCTGCAACGAGCTTTGGG | |
| ermA_P FAM/TCAATACAGAGTCTACACTTGGCTTAGGATG/BHQ1 | |
| ermC | |
| ermC_F ATCTTTGAAATYGGCTCAGGAA | |
| ermC_R AACAAGTTTATKTTCTGTARTYTTGCA | |
| ermC_P ROX/AGTACAG+AGGTGTAATTTCGTAACTGCYA/BHQ2 | |
| mecA | |
| mecA_F CTTTACGATAAAAAGCTCCAACATGA | |
| mecA_R CTATTAATGTATGTGCGATTGTATTGC | |
| mecA_P ROX/TGGCTATCGTGTCACAATCGTTGACGA/BHQ2 | |
| mecC | |
| mecC_F ACTAATGGTATGGAACGTGTAGT | |
| mecC_R CCAACCTATTTGTCTTCCRGTTTC | |
| mecC_P FAM/TTTT+TAATTCTGCTGTKCCAGATTTACC/BHQ1 | |
| tetK | |
| tetK_F GATTGCTTTTATTGGTCACAATCAC | |
| tetK_R CTTGTAATATTTCTAGCTACAACCACC | |
| tetK_Pr FAM/TGAAGGGAATGCAGCAGATCCTACTCCT/BHQ1 | |
| tetM | |
| tetM_F AGAACTAAAAGAGCCTACAGTCA | |
| tetM_R TACAGATAAACCAATGGAAGCCC | |
| tetM_Pr HEX/TGGCGGCACTTCGATGTGAATGGTA/BHQ1 | |
| lukF-PV | |
| Pvl_F TGGTTGGGATGTTGAAGCACA | |
| Pvl_R TTGCAGCGTTTTGTTTTCGAG | |
| Pvl_P HEX/TGCCAGTGTTATCCAGAGGTAACT/BHQ1 | |
| 16S rRNA | |
| Frrs_m ACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCC | |
| Rrrs_m CGTTGCGGGACTTAACCCAAC | |
| Rrrs_Pr Cy5/TCACRACACGAGCTGACGACAGCCA/BHQ2 |
Antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different clinical specimens_
| Skin and soft tissues (n = 514, 69.0%) | Blood (n = 108, 14.5%) | Respiratory tract (n = 87, 11.7%) | Urine (n = 20, 2.7%) | Other specimens (n = 16, 2.1%) | Total (n = 745) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible to all antimicrobials | 114 (22.2%) | 19 (17.6%) | 16 (18.4%) | 6 (30.0%) | 2 (12.5%) | 157 (21.1%) | |
| FOX | R | 33 (6.4%) | 8 (7.4%) | 4 (4.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 45 (6.0%) |
| S | 481 (93.6%) | 100 (92.6%) | 83 (95.4%) | 20 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 700 (94.0%) | |
| CD | R | 25 (4.9%) | 5 (4.6%) | 11 (12.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 41 (5.5%) |
| S | 489 (95.1%) | 103 (95.4%) | 76 (87.4%) | 20 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 704 (94.5%) | |
| E | R | 53 (10.3%) | 8 (7.4%) | 24 (27.6%) | 1 (5.0%) | 1 (6.3%) | 87 (11.7%) |
| S | 461 (89.7%) | 100 (92.6%) | 63 (72.4%) | 19 (95.0%) | 15 (93.8%) | 658 (88.3%) | |
| NOR | R | 40 (7.8%) | 8 (7.4%) | 4 (4.6%) | 2 (10.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 54 (7.2%) |
| S | 474 (92.2%) | 100 (92.6%) | 83 (95.4%) | 18 (90.0%) | 16 (100%) | 691 (92.8%) | |
| FA | R | 22 (4.3%) | 2 (1.9%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (6.3%) | 27 (3.6%) |
| S | 492 (95.7%) | 106 (98.1%) | 85 (97.7%) | 20 (100%) | 15 (93.8%) | 718 (96.4%) | |
| P | R | 378 (73.5%) | 84 (77.8%) | 65 (74.7%) | 13 (65.0%) | 13 (81.3%) | 553 (74.2%) |
| S | 136 (26.5%) | 24 (22.2%) | 22 (25.3%) | 7 (35.0%) | 3 (18.8%) | 192 (25.8%) | |
| CIP | R | 38 (7.4%) | 8 (7.4%) | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 49 (6.6%) |
| S | 476 (92.6%) | 100 (92.6%) | 85 (97.7%) | 19 (95.0%) | 16 (100%) | 696 (93.4%) | |
| TE | R | 29 (5.6%) | 4 (3.7%) | 5 (5.7%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 39 (5.2%) |
| S | 485 (94.4%) | 104 (96.3%) | 82 (94.3%) | 19 (95.0%) | 16 (100%) | 706 (94.8%) | |
| GN | R | 23 (4.5%) | 1 (0.9%) | 11 (12.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 35 (4.7%) |
| S | 491 (95.5%) | 107 (99.1%) | 76 (87.4%) | 20 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 710 (95.3%) | |
| SXT | R | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| S | 513 (99.8%) | 107 (99.1%) | 87 (100%) | 20 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 743 (99.7%) | |
| RD | R | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| S | 514 (100%) | 108 (100%) | 87 (100%) | 20 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 745 (100%) | |
| VA | R | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| S | 514 (100%) | 108 (100%) | 87 (100%) | 20 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 745 (100%) | |
The prevalence of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance and virulence genes in MSSA and MRSA strains_
| Gene | MSSA | MRSA | In total |
|---|---|---|---|
| ermA | 11 (18.6%) | 17 (60.7%) | 28 (32.2%) |
| ermC | 29 (49.2%) | 7 (25.0%) | 36 (41.4%) |
| ND erm genes | 19 (32.2%) | 4 (14.3%) | 23 (26.4%) |
| tetM | 8 (24.2%) | 3 (50.0%) | 11 (28.2%) |
| tetK | 24 (72.7%) | 3 (50.0%) | 27 (69.2%) |
| ND tet genes | 1 (3.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.6%) |
| pvl | 35/700 (5.0%) | 19/45 (42.2%) | 54/745 (7.3%) |