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NATO’s Nuclear Types: Vulnerability, Defense Investment, and Alliance Strategy Preferences Cover

NATO’s Nuclear Types: Vulnerability, Defense Investment, and Alliance Strategy Preferences

Open Access
|Jul 2026

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Geopolitical Types.

HIGH VULNERABILITY TO A NUCLEAR ADVERSARYLOW VULNERABILITY TO A NUCLEAR ADVERSARY
High Relative Military Spending/CapacityFrontlinersInfluencers
Low Relative Military Spending/CapacityHedgersSubordinates
Table 2

Survey Respondent Pool Composition.

STATENUMBER OF RESPONDENTSTYPE
Belgium815Subordinate
Czech Republic819Subordinate
France1,136Influencer
Germany1,069Subordinate
Italy1,402Subordinate
Poland1,101Frontliner
Slovakia863Hedger
Sweden813Subordinate
Turkey1,088Influencer
United Kingdom1,378Influencer
Total10,484
Figure 1

Views on U.S. Military by Geopolitical Type.

Figure 2

Alliance-Management Policies that Strengthen Deterrence.

Note: The figure shows coefficient estimates with 95% confidence intervals. The reference category is respondents in subordinate states. See Appendix C for full regression results.

Figure 3

Alliance-Management Policies that Reduce Alliance and Nuclear Risks.

Note: The figure depicts coefficient estimates with 95% confidence intervals. The reference category is respondents in subordinate states. See Appendix C for full regression results.

Figure 4

Percent Support for Policies to Manage Alliance and Nuclear Risks.

Figure 5

Geopolitical Alignment by Type.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.509 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 453 - 472
Submitted on: Nov 3, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 9, 2026
Published on: Jul 15, 2026
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Stephen Herzog, J. Luis Rodriguez, Lauren Sukin, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.