References
- Bahro, B. (2019). Versehrtensport: Zwischen Rehabilitation und Invictus Games [Disabled sport: Between rehabilitation and Invictus Games]. Militärgeschichte. Zeitschrift für historische Bildung, 3, 10–13.
- Ben-Shalom, U., Rickover, I., Reizer, A., & Connelly, V. (2023). Emergent veteran identity: Toward a new theory of veteran identity in Israeli society. Armed Forces & Society, 50(4), 931–954. 10.1177/0095327X231153043
- Braun, S., Sielschott, S., & Burrmann, U. (2022). Ehrenamtliches und freiwilliges Engagement im Sport. Sportbezogene Sonderauswertung der “Deutschen Freiwilligensurveys” von 2014 bis 2019 [Volunteering and volunteering in sport. Sport-related special evaluation of the “German Survey on Volunteering” from 2014 to 2019]. Bisp.
- Bredekamp, H. (2001). Florentiner Fußball. Die Renaissance der Spiele [Florentine soccer. The Renaissance of the Games]. Wagenbach.
- Brittain, I., & Green, S. (2012). Disability sport is going back to its roots: Rehabilitation of military personnel receiving sudden traumatic disabilities in the twenty-first century. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4(2), 244–264. 10.1080/2159676X.2012.685100
- Bulmer, S., & Jackson, D. (2016). “You do not live in my skin”: Embodiment, voice, and the veteran. Critical Military Studies, 2(1–2), 25–40. 10.1080/23337486.2015.1118799
- Bundesministerium des Inneren/Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund. (2021). Nationale Strategie Sportgroßveranstaltungen. Gemeinsam. Mehr. Wirkung [National strategy for major sporting events. Together. More. Impact]. BMI/DOSB.
- Bundesministerium für Verteidigung. (2023). Preise für Engagement – Verleihung des Preises: Bundeswehr und Gesellschaft [Prizes for commitment – Award of the prize: Bundeswehr and society].
https://www.bmvg.de/de/presse/verleihung-des-preises-bundeswehr-und-gesellschaft-2023-5698648 - Bundeswehr. (2024). Spitzensport: Der Sportförderer Bundeswehr [Top-class sport: The Bundeswehr as a sports sponsor].
https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/ueber-die-bundeswehr/sport-in-der-bundeswehr/spitzensport-der-sportfoerderer-bundeswehr - Burdett, H., Woodhead, C., Iversen, A. C., Wessely, S., Dandeker, C., & Fear, N. (2012). “Are you a veteran?” Understanding of the term “veteran” among UK ex-service personnel: A research note. Armed Forces & Society, 39(4), 751–759. 10.1177/0095327X12452033
- Butterworth, M. (2017).
Sport and militarism: An introduction to a global phenomenon . In M. Butterworth (Ed.), Sport and militarism: Contemporary global perspective (pp. 1–14). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315537115 - Cachay, K., & Thiel, A. (2000). Soziologie des Sports. Zur Ausdifferenzierung und Entwicklungsdynamik des Sports der modernen Gesellschaft [Sociology of sport. On the differentiation and development dynamics of sport in modern society]. Juventa.
- Camacho, P. R. (2007). Veterans and veteran’s issues. Armed Forces & Society, 33(3), 313–315. 10.1177/0095327X06297589
- Campbell, J. (2000). ‘Training for sport is training for war’: Sport and the transformation of the British Army, 1860–1914. International Journal of the History of Sport, 17(2–3), 21–58. 10.1080/09523360008714145
- Cathart, D. (2019). Military to civilian transition: A family-first approach. Canadian Military Journal, 19(3), 15–21.
- Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1516–1530. 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516
- Cree, A., & Caddick, N. (2019). Unconquerable heroes: Invictus, redemption, and the cultural politics of narrative. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 13(3), 258–278. 10.1080/17526272.2019.1615707
- Deloitte. (2018). Invictus Games Sydney 2018: Knowledge and exchange report. Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd.
- Desjardins, B. (2020). Running (for) the military: An ethnography of sport militarism at the Canada Army Run. Sociology of Sport Journal, 38(3), 276–284. 10.1123/ssj.2020-0011
- Desjardins, B. (2024). “A little taste of what it would be like to be in the military”: Performing militarism at the Canada Army Run. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 59(6), 886–902. 10.1177/10126902241236244
- D.Live. (2024). Invictus Games Düsseldorf 2023 haben alle Erwartungen übertroffen [Invictus Games Düsseldorf 2023 have exceeded all expectations].
https://www.d-live.de/artikel/invictus-games-duesseldorf-2023-haben-alle-erwartungen-uebertroffen-140000-gaeste-erlebten-ein-ueberragendes-sportevent-in-duesseldorf - Doherty, A. (2009). The volunteer legacy of a major sport event. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(3), 185–207. 10.1080/19407960903204356
- D.Sports. (2022). Volunteers gesucht. Invictus Games Düsseldorf 2023 [Volunteers wanted. Invictus Games Düsseldorf 2023].
https://www.d-sports.de/volunteers-gesucht/ - Elbe, M. (2019). Duale Karriere als Institution. Perspektiven ziviler Karrieren ehemaliger Offiziere [Dual career as an institution. Perspectives for civilian careers of former officers]. [Publisher location needed]. 10.35998/9783830541240
- Elbe, M. (Ed.). (2020). Die Gesundheit des Militärs [The health of the military] (Vol. 53). Nomos. 10.5771/9783748907459
- Elbe, M. (2022). Verstehen. Entwicklung, Theorien und Anwendungen der Interpretativen Sozialwissenschaft [Understanding: Development, theories, and applications of interpretative social science]. Springer VS. 10.1007/978-3-658-38125-7
- Elbe, M. (2023).
Sport und Bewegung im Militär: Soziologische Bezüge [Sport and exercise in the military: Sociological references] . In M. Elbe & F. Reichherzer (Eds.), Der Sport des Militärs. Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis (pp. 19–43). De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783111082493-003 - Elbe, M. (2024).
Der Sport des Militärs und die sozialwissenschaftliche Evaluation der Invictus Games 2023 [The sport of the military and the social science evaluation of the Invictus Games 2023] . In Wehrwissenschaftliche Forschung. Jahresbericht 2023 (pp. 106–107). BMVg. - Elbe, M., & Reichherzer, F. (Eds.). (2023). Der Sport des Militärs. Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis [The sport of the military. Perspectives from research, teaching and practice]. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 10.1515/9783111082493
- Elbe, M., Schädler, T., Weidringer, J.-W., & Werner, C. (2011). Sport und Gesundheit: Gesellschaftliche und ökonomische Perspektiven [Sport and health: Social and economic perspectives]. Zeitschrift für Gesundheit und Sport, 1, 6–15.
- Elias, N., & Dunning, E. (1983). Sport im Zivilisationsprozess. Studien zur Figurationssoziologie [Sport in the civilization process. Studies on the sociology of figuration] (W. Hopf, Ed.). Lit-Verlag.
- Fiedler, T. (2023). Invictus. Der Weg zurück ins Leben [Invictus. The way back to life]. Avant-Verlag.
- Fischer, M. (2014). Commemorating 9/11 NFL-style: Insights into America’s culture of militarism. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 38(3), 199–221. 10.1177/0193723513515889
- Fischer, M. (2017).
Aktiv. Attraktiv. Anders? The Bundeswehr‘s deployment of sport soldiers . In M. Butterworth (Ed.), Sport and militarism: Contemporary global perspective (pp. 65–78). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315537115-5 - Graf, T. (2023). Was bleibt von der Zeitenwende im öffentlichen Meinungsbild? Sicherheits- und verteidigungspolitisches Meinungsbild in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2023 [What remains of the turning point in public opinion? Security and defense policy opinion in the Federal Republic of Germany 2023] (Forschungsbericht 136). ZMSBw.
- Guide, V. D. R., & Ketokivi, M. (2015). Notes from the editors: Redefining some methodological criteria for the journal. Journal of Operations Management, 37, v–viii. 10.1016/S0272-6963(15)00056-X
- Gunz, H., & Mayrhofer, W. (2018). Rethinking career studies: Facilitating conversations across boundaries with the social chronology framework. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781107414952
- Honeth, A. (2010). Das Ich im Wir: Studien zur Anerkennungstheorie [The Self in the We: Studies on Recognition Theory]. Suhrkamp.
- International Paralympic Committee. (n.d.). Paralympics history.
https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history - Jenkins, T. (2013). The militarization of American professional sports. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 37(3), 245–260. 10.1177/0193723512470686
- Kelly, J. (2013). Popular culture, sport and the “hero”-fication of British militarism. Sociology, 47(4), 722–738. 10.1177/0038038512453795
- Kelly, J. (2016).
Western militarism and the political utility of sport . In A. Bairner, J. Kelly, & J. Lee (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sport and politics (pp. 277–292). Routledge. - Klein, G., & Lützkendorf, C. (2023).
Zur Bedeutung des Sports für die Bundewehr [On the significance of sports for the Bundeswehr] . In M. Elbe & F. Reichherzer (Eds.), Der Sport des Militärs. Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis (pp. 71–83). De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783111082493-005 - Klie, L. (2019). Militarisierung durch Spitzensport. Die Spitzensportförderung der Bundeswehr [Militarization through elite sport. The Bundeswehr‘s promotion of elite sport].
https://www.imi-online.de/download/IMI-Studie2019-2-Sport-Web.pdf - Leonhard, N. (2022). Veteranen und Zivilgesellschaft [Veterans and civil society]. Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift, 81(1), 237–248. 10.1515/mgzs-2022-0010
- Lison, A., & Lützkendorf, C. (2023).
Sportmedizin in der Bundeswehr [Sports medicine in the Bundeswehr] . In M. Elbe & F. Reichherzer (Eds.), Der Sport des Militärs. Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis (pp. 141–157). De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783111082493-009 - Mittag, J., & Wu, D. (2023).
“Friendship through sport”: Inter-Allied Games und Military World Games als transnationale Sportgroßereignisse des Militärs [“Friendship through sport”: Inter-Allied Games and Military World Games as transnational major sporting events of the military] . In M. Elbe & F. Reichherzer (Eds.), Der Sport des Militärs. Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis (pp. 85–103). De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783111082493-006 - Oostlander, J., Güntert, S., van Schie, S., & Wehner, T. (2014). Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI): Konstruktvalidität und psychometrische Eigenschaften der Deutschen Adaptation [Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI): Construct validity and psychometric properties of the German adaptation]. Diagnostica, 60(2), 73–85. 10.1026/0012-1924/a000098
- Pedersen, C., & Wieser, C. (2021). Veteran transition from military to civilian life: Towards a sociocultural framework for social support. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 4(1), 158–171. 10.31374/sjms.97
- Penn, R., & Berridge, D. (2018). Football and the military in contemporary Britain: An exploration of invisible nationalism. Armed Forces & Society, 44(1), 116–138. 10.1177/0095327X16682784
- Reichherzer, F., & Elbe, M. (2023).
Sport und Militär: Auf den Spuren einer Beziehung [Sport and the military: On the trail of a relationship] . M. Elbe & F. Reichherzer (Eds.), Der Sport des Militärs. Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis (pp. 1–16). De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783111082493-002 - Schimank, U., & Schöneck, N. (2006). Sport im Inklusionsprofil der Bevölkerung Deutschlands – Ergebnisse einer differenzierungstheoretisch angelegten empirischen Untersuchung [Sport in the inclusion profile of the German population – Results of an empirical study based on differentiation theory]. Sport und Gesellschaft, 3(1), 5–32. 10.1515/sug-2006-0103
- Schlesinger, T., & Gubler, R. (2016). Motivational profiles of sporting event volunteers. Sport in Society, 19(10), 1419–1439. 10.1080/17430437.2015.1133596
- Schlesinger, T., & Nagel, S. (2011). “Freiwilliges Engagement im Sportverein ist Ehrensache!” – Ein Modell zur Analyse der Mitarbeitsentscheidung in Sportvereinen [“Volunteering in a sports club is a matter of honor!” A model for analyzing the decision to volunteer in sports clubs]. Sport und Gesellschaft, 8(1), 3–27. 10.1515/sug-2011-0102
- Schubert, V. (2023). Invictus Games Düsseldorf 2023 – Von der Reinkarnation des Patriotismus im postheroischen Zeitalter [Invictus Games Düsseldorf 2023- On the reincarnation of patriotism in the post-heroic age]. Bundeswehr Sportmagazin.
https://www.bundeswehr-sport-magazin.de/2023/09/invictus-games-duesseldorf-2023-von-der-reinkarnation-des-patriotismus-im-postheroischen-zeitalter/ - Schubmann, R. (2020).
Rehabilitation nach Auslandseinsatz. Bewegung ist Leben – die INVICTUS Games [Rehabilitation after deployment abroad. Movement is life the INVICTUS Games] . In M. Elbe (Ed.), Die Gesundheit des Militärs (pp. 211–219). Nomos. 10.5771/9783748907459-211 - Shepherd, S., Sherman, D. K., MacLean, A., & Kay, A. C. (2021). The challenges of military veterans in their transition to the workplace: A call for integrating basic and applied psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(3), 590–613. 10.1177/1745691620953096
- Shirazipour, C., Mayhew, E., Capaldi, J., Luna-Lupercio, B., Huynh, N., Cui, Y., Calsavara, V., Diniz, M., Evans, M. B., Latimer-Cheung, A., & Aiken, A. (n.d.). Beyond the finish line [Research report]. Invictus Games Foundation.
https://s31949.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/Beyond-the-Finish-Line_ONLINE-COPY_FINAL.pdf - Shue, S. (2021). The career transition experiences of military veterans: A qualitative study. Military Psychology, 33(6), 359–371.
- Simonson, J., Vogel, C., Ziegelmann, J. P., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2017).
Einleitung: Freiwilliges Engagement in Deutschland [Introduction: Volunteering in Germany] . In J. Simonson, C. Vogel, & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Freiwilliges Engagement in Deutschland. Empirische Studien zum bürgerschaftlichen Engagement (pp. 31–49). Springer VS. 10.1007/978-3-658-12644-5_2 - Streitkräfteamt der Bundeswehr Dezernat Sport. (2024). Rückblick 2024. Erfolge Sportförderung/Ausblick Sportevents 2025 [Review 2024. Sports promotion successes/Outlook sports events 2025].
https://ynside.extranet-bw.de/de/organisation/streitkraeftebasis/aktuelles - Tauber, P. (2019). “Schon das Spiel ist Kampf, Krieg im Kleinen …” Sport und Militär von der Antike bis heute [“Even the game is combat, war on a small scale…” Sport and the military from antiquity to the present day]. Militärgeschichte. Zeitschrift für die historische Bildung, 3, 4–9.
- Thompson, J. M., VanTil, L., Zamorski, M. A., Garber, B., Dursun, S., Fikretoglu, D., Ross, D., Richardson, J. D., Kerry, S., Courchesne, C., & Pedlar, D. (2016). Mental health of Canadian Armed Forces veterans: Review of population studies. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 2(1), 70–86. 10.3138/jmvfh.3258
- Twynam, G. D., Farrell, J. M., & Johnston, M. E. (2002). Leisure and volunteer motivation at a special sporting event. Leisure, 27(3–4), 363–377. 10.1080/14927713.2002.9651310
- Vasquez, J. (2012). America and the garrison stadium: How the US Armed Forces shaped college football. Armed Forces & Society, 38(3), 353–372. 10.1177/0095327X11426255
- Virchow, F. (2005).
Militär und Sport. Symbiotische Beziehungen um Nation, Leistung und Disziplin [Military and sport. Symbiotic relationships around nation, performance and discipline] . In T. Thomas & F. Virchow (Eds.), Banal militarism. Zur Veralltäglichung des Militärischen im Zivilen (pp. 203–222). Transcript. 10.1515/9783839403563-011 - Von der Leyen, U. (2018). Tagesbefehl zum Veteranenbegriff [Order of the day on the concept of veterans]. [Publisher location needed].
- Wise, N., Kohe, G. Z., & Koutrou, N. (2021). Sport volunteering, educational leadership and social transformation. Sport, Education and Society, 26(9), 945–951. 10.1080/13573322.2021.1946028
- Ye, T., Cheng, X., Chen, W., & Li, Y. (2022). Volunteer motivations in military sports events: The case of 2019 Military World Games. SAGE Open, 12(2). 10.1177/21582440221108167
- Yttereng, V. O. (2023). A Scandinavian veteran policy? A comparative study of Norwegian, Swedish and Danish veteran policies since 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 6(1), 135–150. 10.31374/sjms.186
- Zogas, A. (2017). US military veterans’ difficult transitions back to civilian life and the VA’s response. Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University.
https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/papers/2017/us-military-veterans-difficult-transitions-back-civilian-life-and-va-s-response
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.387 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 435 - 450
Submitted on: Feb 1, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 2, 2025
Published on: Nov 26, 2025
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Martin Elbe, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
