Individual-level Paradoxes and Employee Performance Outcomes: Testing Sufficiency and Necessity Conditions across Croatian Organisations
References
- Achtenhagen, L. & Melin, L. (2003). Managing the homogeneity-heterogeneity duality. In A. W. Pettigrew, R. Whittington, L. Melin, C. Sanchez-Runde, F. van den Bosch, W. Ruigrok & T. Numagami (Eds.), Innovative forms of organizing: International perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. DOI: 10.1002/hrm.20004
- Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E. & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274–284. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274
- Bakker, A. B. (2015). A job demands–resources approach to public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 723–732. DOI: 10.1111/puar.12388
- Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. DOI: 10.1037/ocp0000056
- Bednarek, R., Cunha, M.P., Schad, J. & Smith, W.K. (2021). Interdisciplinary Dialogues on Organizational Paradox: Learning from Belief and Science, Part A. Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Berti, M., Simpson, A., Cunha, M.P. & Clegg, S.R. (2021). Elgar Introductions to Organizational Paradox Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Besharov, M. L. & Mitzinneck, B.C. (2021). Organizational Hybridity: Perspectives, Processes, Promises. Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Braun, T. & Lampel, J. (2020). Tensions and Paradoxes in Temporary Organizing. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 67. Emerald Publishing.
- Caniels, M.C.J., Neghina, C. & Schaersaert, N. (2017). Ambidexterity of employees: the role of empowerment and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(5), 1098–1119. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-10-2016-0440
- Chang, Y.Y. (2016). High-performance work systems, joint impact of transformational leadership, an empowerment climate, and organizational ambidexterity: Cross-level evidence. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(3), 424–444. DOI: 10.1108/JOCM-09-2015-015
- Chen, X.P., Xie, X. & Chang, S. (2011). Cooperative and competitive orientation among Chinese people: Scale development and validation. Management and Organization Review, 7(2), 353–379. DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00215.x
- Chung-Yan, G. A. (2010). The nonlinear effects of job complexity and autonomy on job satisfaction, turnover, and psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(3), 237–251. DOI: 10.1037/a0019823
- Cunha, M.P. & Putnam, L. (2017). Paradox theory and the paradox of success. Strategic Organization, 17(4), 95–106. DOI: 10.1177/1476127017739536
- Cunha, M.P., Clegg, S.R., Rego, A. & Berti, M. (2021). Paradoxes of Power and Leadership. Routledge.
- Ding, H. & Kuvaas, B. (2025). Exploring the necessary roles of basic psychological needs at work: A necessary condition analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 98(1). DOI: 10.1111/joop.70012
- Dul, J. (2016). Necessary condition analysis (NCA): Logic and methodology of “necessary but not sufficient” causality. Organizational Research Methods, 19(1), 10–52. DOI: 10.1177/1094428115584005
- Dul, J. (2021). NCA and regression. Supplement to ‘Dul, J. (2020). Conducting necessary condition analysis. Sage Publications. http://erim.eur.nl/nca
- Dul, J. (2023). Advances in Necessary Condition Analysis. https://bookdown.org/ncabook/advanced_nca2/
- Englmaier, F., Foss, N. J., Knudsen, T. & Kretschmer, T. (2018). Organization design and firm heterogeneity: Towards an integrated research agenda for strategy. In J. Joseph, O. Baumann, R. Burton & K. Srikanth (Eds.), Organization Design, Advances in Strategic Management (Vol. 40, pp. 229–252). London: Emerald Group Publishing.
- Fairhurst, G.T. & Putnam, L.L. (2024). Performing Organizational Paradoxes. Routledge Studies in Communication, Organization, and Organizing.
- Gaim, M., Clegg, S., Pina e Cunha, M. & Berti, M. (2022). Paradoxical Mindset as a Collective Phenomenon. In M. Gaim, S. Clegg, M. Pina e Cunha & M. Berti (2022). Organizational Paradox. DOI: 10.1017/9781009128155
- Good, D. & Michel, E. J. (2013). Individual ambidexterity: Exploring and exploiting in dynamic contexts. Journal of Psychology, 147(5), 435–453. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2012.710663
- Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (Vol. 3). The Guilford Press.
- Hauff, S., Guerci, M., Dul, J. & van Rhee, H. (2021). Exploring necessary conditions in HRM research: Fundamental issues and methodological implications. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(1), 18–36. DOI: 10.1111/1748-8583.12231
- Hernaus, T. Dragičević, N. & Hauff, S. (2024). The necessity of job design for employee creativity and innovation: nothing happens without supervisor support, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(5), 583–598. DOI: 10.1080/1359432X.2024.2348772
- Janssens, M. & Steyaert, C. (1999). The world in two and a third way out? The concept of duality in organization theory and practice. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 15(2), 121-139. DOI: 10.1016/S0956-5221(98)00010-4
- Jarzabkowski, P., Le, J.K. & Van de Ven, A.H. (2013). Responding to competing strategic demands: How organizing, belonging, and performing paradoxes coevolve. Strategic Organization, 11(3). DOI: 10.1177/1476127013481016
- Jyoti, J. & Choudhary, R. (2024). Exploring ambidextrous human resource management and employee performance through the lens of managers’ ambidextrous orientation and individual ambi-dexterity. Employee Relations, 46(7), 1588–1623. DOI: 10.1108/ER-05-2023-0256
- Kang, S.C. & Snell, S.A. (2009). Intellectual capital architectures and ambidextrous learning: A framework for human resource management. Journal of Management Studies, 46(1), 65–92. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00776.x
- Kao, Y.L. & Chen, C.F. (2016). Antecedents, consequences, and moderators of ambidextrous behaviors among frontline employees. Management Decision, 54(8), 1846-1860. DOI: 10.1108/MD-05-2015-0187
- Kelly, G., Mastroeni, M., Conway, E., Monks, K., Truss, K., Flood, P. & Hannon, E. (2011). Combining diverse knowledge: Knowledge workers’ experience of specialist and generalist roles. Personnel Review, 40(5), 607–624. DOI: 10.1108/00483481111154469
- Krautzberger, M. & Tuckermann, H. (2024). Navigating both/and and either/or approaches in response to paradoxical demands: A meta-both/and approach. Organization Theory, 5(4), 1–24. DOI: 10.1177/26317877241290249
- LeBreton, J. M., Tonidandel, S. & Krasikova, D. V. (2013). Residualized relative importance analysis: A technique for comprehensively decomposing variance in higher order regression models. Organizational Research Methods, 16(3), 449–473. DOI: 10.1177/1094428113481065
- Lesener, T., Gusy, B. & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76–103. DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
- Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J. & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 662–674. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.662
- Lu, S., Au, W. T., Jiang, F., Xie, X. & Yam, P. (2013). Cooperativeness and competitiveness as two distinct constructs: Validating the cooperative and competitive personality scale in a social dilemma context. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1135–1147. DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.743666
- Luo, X., Slotegraaf, R. J. & Pan, X. (2006). Cross-functional “coopetition”: The simultaneous role of cooperation and competition within firms. Journal of Marketing, 70(2), 67–80. DOI: 10.1509/jmkg.70.2.067
- Miller, C. C., Cardinal, L. B. & Glick, W. H. (1997). Retrospective reports in organizational research: A reexamination of recent evidence. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 189–204. DOI: 10.2307/257026
- Miron-Spektor, E., Ingram, A., Keller, J., Smith, W. K. & Lewis, M. W. (2018). Microfoundations of organizational paradox: The problem is how we think about the problem. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 26–45. DOI: 10.5465/amj.2016.0594
- Melkić, S. (2025). Mapping the field of multilevel ambidexterity research within organizations using bibliometric analysis. Dynamic Relationships Management Journal, 14(1), 39–58. DOI: 10.17708/DRMJ.2025.v14n01a03
- Mom, T.J., Fourne, S.P.L. & Jansen, J.J. (2015). Managers’ work experience, ambidexterity, and performance: The contingency role of the work context. Human Resource Management, 54(S1), s133-s153. DOI: 10.1002/hrm.21663
- Mom, T. J. M., Chang, Y. Y., Cholakova, M. & Jansen, J. P. (2019). A multilevel integrated framework of firm HR practices, individual ambidexterity, and organizational ambidexterity. Journal of Management, 45(7), 3009–3034. DOI: 10.1177/0149206318776775
- Morgeson, F. P. & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The work design questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
- Quinn, R.E. (1991). Beyond Rational Management: Mastering the Paradoxes and Competing Demands of High Performance. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
- Raisch, S. & Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Organizational ambidexterity: Antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 34(3), 375–409. DOI: 10.1177/0149206308316058
- Raza-Ullah, T., Bengtsson, M. & Kock, S. (2014). The coopetition paradox and tension in coopetition at multiple levels. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2). DOI: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.11.001
- Ricciardi, F., Zardini, A., Czakon, W., Rossignoli, C. & Kraus, S. (2022). Revisiting the cooperation-competition paradox: A configurational approach to short- and long-term coopetition performance in business networks. European Management Journal, 40(3), 320–331. DOI: 10.1016/j.emj.2021.07.002
- Ritala, P. (2012). Coopetition strategy – when is it successful? Empirical evidence on innovation and market performance. British Journal of Management, 23(3), 307–324. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00741.x
- Schad, J., Lewis, M. W., Raisch, S. & Smith, W. K. (2016). Paradox research in management science: Looking back to move forward. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 5–64. DOI: 10.1080/19416520.2016.1162422
- Schnellbächer, B., Heidenreich, S. & Wald, A. (2019). Antecedents and effects of individual ambidexterity–A cross-level investigation of exploration and exploitation activities at the employee level. European Management Journal, 37(4), 442–454. DOI: 10.1016/j.emj.2019.02.002
- Shen, J., Messersmith, J. G. & Jiang, K. (2018). Advancing human resource management scholarship through multilevel modeling. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(2), 227–238. DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2017.1331622
- Sheep, M.L., Fairhurst, G.T. & Khazanchi, S. (2017). Knots in the discourse of innovation: Investigating multiple tensions in a reacquired spin-off. Organization Studies, 38(3-4). DOI: 10.1177/0170840616640845
- Smith, W. K. & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. The Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381–403. DOI: 10.5465/AMR.2011.5933095
- Souitaris, V., Peng, B., Zerbinati, S. & Shepherd, D. A. (2023). Specialists, generalists, or both? Founders’ multidimensional breadth of experience and entrepreneurial ventures’ fundraising at IPO. Organization Science, 34(2), 557–588. DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1581
- Subramaniam, M. & Youndt, M. A. (2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450–463. DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2005.17407911
- Sutherland, F. & Smith, A. C. T. (2011). Duality theory and the management of the change-stability paradox. Journal of Management & Organization, 17(4): 534–547. DOI: 10.1017/S1833367200001437
- Tidstörm, A. (2014). Managing tensions in coopetition. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), 261–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.12.001
Language: English
Page range: 157 - 176
Published on: Jun 6, 2026
Published by: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics & Business
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Sara Melkić, Nikolina Dragičević Rogge, Matija Marić, published by University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics & Business
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.