Surface modifications of ti and its alloys

Sylwia Sobieszczyk

doi:10.2478/v10077-010-0003-3

Abstract

This article reviews the various surface modification techniques pertaining to titanium and titanium alloys including physical treatment, mechanical treatment, and chemical and electrochemical treatment. The proper surface modification expands the use of titanium and its alloys in the biomedical field for long-term implants retaining the excellent properties of substrate material and improving the specific surface properties required by clinical applications.

References

Liu X., Chu P. K., Ding Ch.: Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 47 (2004) 49-121.
Search in Google Scholar
Molitor P., Barron V., Young T.: Surface treatment of titanium for adhesive and adhesives. 21 (2) (2001) 129-136.
Search in Google Scholar
Citeau A., Guicheux J., Vinatier C., Layrolle P., Nguyen T. P., Pilet P., Daculsi G.: In vitro biological effects of titanium rough surface obtained by calcium phosphate grid blasting. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 157-165.
Search in Google Scholar
Liang C. Y., Yang X. J., Wei Q., Cui Z. D.: Comparison of calcium phosphate coatings formed on femtosecond laser-induced and sand-blasted titanium. Applied Surface Science 255 (2008) 515-518.
Search in Google Scholar
Gbureck U., Masten A., Probst J., Thull R.: Tribochemical structuring and coating of implant metal surfaces with titanium oxide and hydroxyapatite layers. Materials Science and Engineering C 23 (2003) 461-465.
Search in Google Scholar
Hryniewicz T., Rokicki R., Rokosz K.: Corrosion and surface characterization of titanium biomaterial after magnetoelectropolishing. Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2009) 1508-1515.
Search in Google Scholar
Strnad J., Strnad Z., Sestak J.: Physico-chemical properties and healing capacity of potentially bioactive titanium surface. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 88 (3) (2007) 775-779.
Search in Google Scholar
Mohammadi Z., Ziaei-Moayyed A. A., Sheikh-Mehdi Mesgar A.: Grit blasting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy: Optimization and its effect on adhesion strength of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 194 (2007) 15-23.
Search in Google Scholar
Lu X., Zhao Z., Leng Y.: Biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings on nitric-acid-treated titanium surfaces. Materials Science and Engineering C 27 (2007) 700-708.
Search in Google Scholar
Yousefpour M., Afshar A., Chen J., Xingdong Z.: Bioactive layer formation on alkaline-acid treated titanium in simulated body fluid. Materials and Design 28 (2007) 2154-2159.
Search in Google Scholar
Pattanayak D. K., Kawai T., Matsushita T., Takadama H., Nakamura T., Kokubo T.: Effect of HCl concentrations on apatie-forming ability of NaOH-HCl - and heat-treated titanium metal. J Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (2009) published on-line: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m7l108m885m83056/
Search in Google Scholar
Assis S. L., Costa I.: The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloy in Hanks' Solution. Materials Research 9 (4) (2006) 425-429.
Search in Google Scholar
Han J. Y., Zu Z. T., Zhou L.: Hydroxyapatite/titania composite bioactivity coating processed by sol-gel method. Applied Surface Science 255 (2008) 455-458.
Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen H. Q., Deporter D. A., Pilliar R. M., Valiquette N., Yakubovich R.: The effect of sol-gel formed calcium phosphate coatings on bone ingrowth and osteoconductivity of porous-surfaced Ti alloy implants. Biomaterials 25(5) (2004) 865-876.
Search in Google Scholar
Wierzchoń T., Czarnowska E., Krupa D.: Inżynieria powierzchni w wytwarzaniu biomateriałów tytanowych. Oficyna Wyd. Politechniki Warszawskiej. Warszawa 2004.
Search in Google Scholar
Wilks R. G., Santos E., Kurmaev E. Z., Yablonskikh M. V., Moewes A., Kuromoto N. K., Soares G. A.: Characterization of oxide layers fordem on electrochemically treated Ti by Rusing soft X-ray absorption measurements. J Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 169 (2009) 46-50.
Search in Google Scholar
Diamanti M. V., Pedeferri M. P.: Effect of anodic oxidation parameters on the titanium oxides formation. Corrosion Science 49 (2007) 939-948.
Search in Google Scholar
Cui X., Kim H.-M., Kawashita M., Wang L., Xiong T., Kokubo T., Nakamura T.: Preparation of bioactive titania films on titanium metal via anodic oxidation. Dental materials 25 (2009) 80-86.
Search in Google Scholar
Bauer S., Park J., Mark K., Schmuki P.: Improved attachment of mesenchymal stem cells on super-hydrophobic TiO₂ nanotubes. Acta Biomaterialia 4 (2008) 1576-1582.
Search in Google Scholar
Goto T.: Surface coating technology for biomaterials - morphology and nonostructure control. International Congress Series 1284 (2005) 248-256.
Search in Google Scholar
Sevilla P., Aparicio C., Planell J. A., Gil F. J.: Comparison of the mechanical properties between tantalum and nickel-titanium foams implant materials for bone ingrowth applications. J Alloys and Compounds 439 (2007) 67-73.
Search in Google Scholar
Trommer R. M., Santos L. A., Bergmann C. P.: Alternative technique for hydroxyapatite coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 9587-9593.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.04.028
Search in Google Scholar
Kim D. S., Han S. J., Kwak S.-Y.: Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO₂ with the surface area, crystallite size, and pore size. J Colloid and Interface Science 316 (2007) 85-91.
Search in Google Scholar
Baram N., Starosvetsky D., Starosvetsky J., Epshtein M., Armon R., Ein-Eli Y.: Enhanced inactivation of E. coli bacteria using immobilized porous TiO₂ photoelectrocatalysis. Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 3381-3386.
Search in Google Scholar
Lewis G., McVay B.: Effect of Thermal Spray Process for Deposition Hydroxyapatite Coating on a Titanium Alloy on its Fatigue Performance. 17^th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conf (1998) 119.
Search in Google Scholar
Gledhill H. C., Turner I. G., Doyle C.: In vitro dissolution behavior of two morphologically different thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Biomaterials 22 (2001) 695-700.
Search in Google Scholar
Li H., Khor K. A.: Characteristics of the nanostructures in thermal sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings and their influence on coating properties. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2006) 2147-2154.
Search in Google Scholar
Lima R. S., Khor K. A., Li H., Cheang P., Marple B. R.: HVOF spraying on nanostructured hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering A 396 (2005) 181-187.
Search in Google Scholar
Goana M., Lima R. S., Marple B. R.: Influence of particle temperature and velocity on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) - sprayed nanostructured titania coatings. J Materials Processing Technology 198 (2008) 426-435.
Search in Google Scholar
Hoseini M., Jedenmalm A., Boldizar A.: Tribological investigation of coatings for artificial joints. Wear 264 (2008) 958-966.
Search in Google Scholar
Chiu S-M., Chen Z-S., Yang K-Y., Hsu Y-L., Gan D.: Photocatalytic activity of moped TiO2 coatings prepared by sputtering deposition. J Materials Processing Technology 192-193 (2007) 60-67.
Search in Google Scholar
Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Rajchel B., Barcz A., Sobczak J. W., Biliński A., Borowski T.: Effect of calcium-ion implantation on the corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the Ti6Al4V Allom. Vacuum 81 (2007) 1310-1313.
Search in Google Scholar
Xie Y., Liu X., Huang A., Ding Ch., Chu P. K.: Improvement of surface bioactivity on titanium by water and hydrogen plasma immersion ion implantation. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 6129-6135.
Search in Google Scholar
Jo Y. J., Lee C. M., Jang H. S., Lee N. S., Suk J.-H., Lee W. H.: Mechanical properties of fully porous and porous-surfaced Ti-6Al-4V implants fabricated by electro-discharge-sintering. J Materials Processing Technology 194 (2007) 121-125.
Search in Google Scholar
An Y. B., Lee W. H.: Synthesis of porous titanium implants by environmental-electro-discharge-sintering process. Materials Chemistry and Physics 95 (2006) 242-247.
Search in Google Scholar
Lausmaa J. in Brunette D. M., Tengvall P., Textor M., Thomsen P. (Eds.): Titanium in Medicine, Springer, Berlin (2001) 231-266.10.1007/978-3-642-56486-4_8
Search in Google Scholar
Albrektsson T., Wennerberg A.: Part 1 - review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them. International J Prosthodontosis. 17(5) (2004) 536-543.
Search in Google Scholar
Cook S. D., Thomas K. A., Kay J. F., Jarcho M.: Hydroxyapatite-coated titanium for orthopedic implant applications. Clinical Orthopaedic and Related Research (1988) 225-243.
Search in Google Scholar
Ronald H. J., Ellingsen J. E.: Effect of micro-roughness produced by TiO₂ blasting-tensile testing of bone attachment by using coin-shaped implants. Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4211-4219.
Search in Google Scholar
Fini M., Savarino L., Aldini N. N., Martini L., Giaveresi G., Rizzi G., Martini D., Ruggeri A., Giunti A., Giardino R.: Biomechanical and histomorphometric investigation on two morphologically differing titanium surfaces with and without frluorohydroxyapatite coating: an experimental study in sheep tibiae. Biomaterials 24 (2003) 3183-3192.
Search in Google Scholar
Andrade M. C., Bastos I. N., Filgueiras M. R. T., Ogasawara T.: Behavior of hydroxyapatite coated titanium as a function of NaOH pretreatment. Revista Cientifica Internacional, 1(3) (2008) 1-16.
Search in Google Scholar
Conforto E., Caillard D., Muller L., Muller F. A.: The structure of titanate nanobelts used as seeds for the nucleation of hydroxyapatite at the surface of titanium implants. Acta Biomaterialia 4 (2008) 1934-1943.
Search in Google Scholar
Ho W-F., Lai Ch-H., Hsu H-Ch., Wu S-Ch.: Surface modification of low-modulus Ti-7.5Mo Allom treated with aqueous NaOH. Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2009) 3142-3150.
Search in Google Scholar
Kim H. M., Miyaji F., Kokubo T., Nakamura T.: Preparation of bioactive Ti and its alloys via Simple chemical surface treatment. J Biomedical Materials Research, 32 (3) (1996) 409-417.
Search in Google Scholar
Lu X., Leng Y., Zhang X., Xu J., Qin L., Chan Ch-W.: Comparative study of osteoconduction on micromachined and alkali-treated titanium alloy surfaces in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 1793-1801.
Search in Google Scholar
Nebe J. B., Muller L., Luthen F., Ewald A., Bergemann C., Conforto E., Muller F. A.: Osteoblast response to biomimetically altered titanium surfaces. Acta Biomaterialia 4 (2008) 1985-1995.
Search in Google Scholar
Takeuchi M., Abe Y., Yoshida Y., Nakayama Y., Okazaki M., Akagawa Y.: Acid pretreatment of titanium implants. Biomaterials 24 (10) (2003) 1821-1827.
Search in Google Scholar
Tas A. C.: Formation of calcium phosphate whiskers in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solutions AT 90°C. J Americal Ceramics Society 90(8) (2007) 2358-2362.
Search in Google Scholar
Shukla A. K., Balasubramaniam R.: Effect of surface treatment on electrochemical behavior of CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys in simulated human body fluid. Corrosion Science 48 (2006) 1696-1720.
Search in Google Scholar
Oh S-H., Finones R. R., Daraio C., Chen L-H., Jin S.: Growth of nano-scale hydroxyapatite using chemically treated titanium oxide nanotubes. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 4938-4943.
Search in Google Scholar
Sobieszczyk S., Zieliński A.: Coatings in Arthroplasty. Advances in Materials Science, vol. 8, no 4 (2008) 35-54.
Search in Google Scholar
Li P., Groot K.: A calcium phosphate formation within sol-gel-prepared titania in vitro and in vivo. J Biomedical Science Research 27 (1993) 1495-1500.
Search in Google Scholar
Wen C. E., Xu W., Hu W. Y., Hodgson P. D.: Hydroxyapatite/titania sol-gel coatings on titanium-zirconium alloy for biomedical applications. Acta Biomaterialia 3 (2007) 403-410.
Search in Google Scholar
Ben-Nissan B., Milev A., Vago R.: Morphology of sol-gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 25 (2004) 4971-4975.
Search in Google Scholar
Maiyalagan T., Viswanathan B., Varadaraju U. V.: Fabrication and characterization of uniform TiO₂ nanotube arrays by sol-gel template method. Bull. Mater. Sci., vol. 29 (7) (2006) 705-708.
Search in Google Scholar
Kim H-W., Koh Y-H., Li L-H., Lee S., Kim H-E.: Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium substrate with titania Buffet layer processed by sol-gel method Biomaterials 25 (2004) 2533-2538.
Search in Google Scholar
Feng B., Chu X., Chen J., Wang J., Lu X., Weng J.: Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium surface with titania nanotube layer and its bond strength to substrate. J Porous Materials (2009) published on-line:http://www.springerlink.com/content/793488162u28q61t/
Search in Google Scholar
Narayanan R., Seshadri S. K.: Phosphoric acid anodization of Ti-6Al-4V - Structural and corrosion aspects. Corrosion Science 49 (2007) 542-558.
Search in Google Scholar
Oh S., Jin S.: Titanium oxide nanotubes with controlled morphology for enhanced bone growth. Materials Science and Engineering C 26 (2006) 1301-1306.
Search in Google Scholar
Wei D., Zhou Y., Yang Ch.: Characteristic, cell response and apatite-induction ability of microarc oxidized TiO₂-based coating containing P on Ti6Al4V before and after chemical-treatment and dehydration. Ceramics International 35 (2009) 2545-2554.
Search in Google Scholar
Sun J., Han Y., Huang X.: Hydroxyaptite coatings prepared by micro-arc oxidation in Ca- an P-containing electrolyte. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 5655-5658.
Search in Google Scholar
Wei D., Zhou Y., Jia D., Wang J.: Effect of heat treatment on the structure and in vitro bioactivity of microarc-oxidized (MAO) titania coatings containing Ca P ions. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 8723-8729.
Search in Google Scholar
Park I. S., Woo T. G., Jeon W. Y., Park H. H., Lee M. H., Bae T. S., Seol K. W.: Surface characteristics of titanium anodized in the four different types of electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta 53 (2007) 863-870.
Search in Google Scholar
Nolan M. G.: Design and commissioning of an off-line APCVD coater to deposit titanium dioxide self-cleaning films. SIMTech technical reports, 9 (2) (2008) 75-80.
Search in Google Scholar
Romanuja N., Levy R. A., Dharmadhikari S. N., Ramos E., Pearce W., Menasian S. C., Schamberger P. C., Collins C. C.: Synthesis and characterization of low pressure chemically vapor deposited titanium nitride films using TiCl₄ and NH₃. Materials Letters 57(2) (2002) 261-269.
Search in Google Scholar
Cruz N. C., Rangel E. C., Wang J., Trasferetti B. C., Daranzo C. U., Castro S. G., Morges M. A. B.: Properties of titanium oxide films obtained by PECVD. Surface & Coating Technology 126 (2-3) (2000) 123-130.
Search in Google Scholar
Jóźwik K., Karczemska A.: The new generation Ti6Al4V artificial heart valve with nanocrystalline diamond coating on the ring and with Derlin disc after long-term mechanical fatigue examination. Diamond & Related Materials 16 (2007) 1004-1009.
Search in Google Scholar
Kugler C., Fink M., Laimer J., Stori H.: Dynamics of pulsed d.c. discharges used for PACVD - effect of additional high voltage pulses. Surface & Coatings Technology 142-144 (2001) 424-428.
Search in Google Scholar
Tosatti S., Michel R., Textor M., Spencer N. D.: Self-assembled monolayers of dodecyl and hydroxyl-dodecyl phosphates on both smooth and rough titanium and titanium oxide surfaces. Langmuir 18(9) (2002) 3537-3548.
Search in Google Scholar
Zhang Z. H., Feng Ch.L.: Immobilization/hybridization of amino-modified DNA on plasma-polymerized allyl chloride. Applied Surface Science 253 (22) (2007) 8915-8922.
Search in Google Scholar
Ishikawa K., Suzuki T., Kitamura Y., Tobe S.: Corrosion resistance of thermal sprayed titanium coatings in chloride solution. J Thermal Spray Technology 8(2) (2007) 273-278.
Search in Google Scholar
Liu X., Poon R. W. Y., Kwok S. C. H., Chu P. K., Ding Ch.: Plasma surface modification of titanium for hard tissue replacements. Surface & Coatings Technology 186 (2004) 227-233.
Search in Google Scholar
Nakashima Y., Hayashi K., Inadome T., Uenoyama K., Hara T., Kanemaru T., Sugioka Y., Noda I.: Hydroxyapatite-coating on titanium arc sprayed titanium implants. J Biomedical Materials Research Part A 35(3) (1998) 287-298.
Search in Google Scholar
Rajesekaran B., Ganesh S. R. S., Joshi S., Sundararajan G.: Performance of plasma sprayed and detonation gun sprayed Cu-Ni-In coatings on Ti-6Al-4V under plain fatigue and fretting fatigue loading. Materials Science & Engineering 479 (1-2) (2008) 83-92.
Search in Google Scholar
Bray M., Cockburn A., O'Neill W.: The Laser-assisted Cold Spray process and deposition charactrisation. Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (19) (2009) 2851-2857.
Search in Google Scholar
Chiu Ch-Y., Hsu H-Ch., Tuan W-H.: Effect of zirconia addition on the microstructural evolution of Poros hydroxyapatite. Ceramics International 33 (2007) 715-718.
Search in Google Scholar
Wiklund U., Larsson M.: Low friction PVD titanium-carbon coatings. Wear 241 (2) 234-238.10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00381-1
Search in Google Scholar
Giolli C., Borgioli F., Credi A., et. al.: Characterization of TiO₂ coatings prepared by a modified electric arc-physical vapor deposition system. Surface & Coatings Technology 202 (2007) 13-22.
Search in Google Scholar
Sobiecki J. R., Wierzchoń T.: Structure and properties of plasma carbonitrided Ti-6Al-2Cr-2Mo Alloy. Surface & Coatings Technology 200 (14-15) 4363-4367.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.02.162
Search in Google Scholar
Moller W., Mukherjee S.: Plasma-based ion implantation. Current Science 83 (3) (2002) 237-253.
Search in Google Scholar
Zhao X., Liu X., Ding Ch., Chu P. K.: Effects of plasma treatment on bioactivity of TiO₂ coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 6878-6881.
Search in Google Scholar
Valencia-Alvarado R., Piedad-Beneitez A., Lopez-Callejas R., Barocio S. R., Mercado-Cabrera A., Pena-Equiluz R., Munoz-Castro A. E., Rosa-Vazquez J.: Oxygen implantation and diffusion in pure titanium by an rf inductively coupled plasma. Vacuum 83 (Supp 1) (2009) 264-267.
Search in Google Scholar
Gurrappa I., Monara D., Gerlach J. W., Mandl S., Rauschenbach B.: Influence of nitrogen implantation on the high temperature oxidation of titanium-based alloys. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (6) (2006) 3536-3546.
Search in Google Scholar
Johansson C. B., Lausmaa J., Rastlund T., Thomsen P.: Commercially pure titanium and Ti6Al4V implants with an without nitrogen-ion-implantation: surface characterization and quantitative studies in rabbit cortical bone. J Materials Science in Medicine 4 (2) (1993) 132-141.
Search in Google Scholar
Varela M., Garcia J. A., Rodriquez R., Caceres D., Ballesteros C.: Microstructure changes induced by low-energy high-temperature nitrogen ion implantation on vanadium-titanium alloys. Nanotechnology 3 (2003) 207-210.
Search in Google Scholar
Pham M. T., Matz W., Reuther H., Richter E., Steiner G.: Hydroxyapatite nucleation on Na ion implanted Ti surfaces. J Materials Science Letters 19 (2000) 1029-1031.
Search in Google Scholar
Cai K. Y.: Surface modification of titanium films with sodium ion implantation: surface properties and protein adsorption. Acta Metallurgica Sinica 20 (2) (2007) 148-156.
Search in Google Scholar
Asami K., Ohtsu N., Saito K., Hanawa T.: CaTiO₃ films sputter-deposited under simultaneous Ti-ion implantation on Ti-substrate. Surface & Coatings Technology 200 (2005) 1005-1008.
Search in Google Scholar
Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Sobczak J. W., Biliński A., Barcz A., Rajchel B.: Influence of anodic oxidation on the bioactivity and corrosion resistance of phosphorous-ion implanted titanium. Vacuum 70 (2003) 109-113.
Search in Google Scholar
Wan Y. Z., Huang Y., He F., Wang Y. L., Zhao Z. G., Ding H. F.: Effect of Mg ion implantation on calcium phosphate formation on titanium. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2006) 2904-2909.
Search in Google Scholar
Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Kozubowski J. A., Barcz A., Sobczak J. W., Biliński A., Lewandowska-Szumiel M., Rajchel B.: Effect of dual Ion implantation of calcium and phosphorus on the properties of titanium. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 2847-2856.
Search in Google Scholar
Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Kozubowski J., Barcz A., Sobczak J., Biliński A., Rajchel B.: The influence of calcium and/Or phosphorous ion implantation on the structure and corrosion resistance of titanium. Vacuum 63 (2001) 715-719.
Search in Google Scholar
Hanawa T., Nakajima S., Yamamoto A., Suzuki Y., Iwaki M.: Control of platelet and cell adhesion to titanium with helium ion implantation. European Cells and Materials 6 (Supp 1) (2003) 36.
Search in Google Scholar
Ma X., Sun Y., Wu P., Xia L., Yukimura K.: Structure of titanium films implanted with carbon by plasma-based ion implantation. Surface & Coatings Technology 169-170 (2003) 375-378.
Search in Google Scholar

Surface modifications of ti and its alloys

Abstract

Paradigm

My account