Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Surface modifications of ti and its alloys Cover

Surface modifications of ti and its alloys

Advances in Materials Science
Volume 10 (2010): Issue 1 (March 2010)
By: Sylwia Sobieszczyk  
Open Access
|Jun 2010

References

  1. Liu X., Chu P. K., Ding Ch.: Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 47 (2004) 49-121.
    Search in Google Scholar
  2. Molitor P., Barron V., Young T.: Surface treatment of titanium for adhesive and adhesives. 21 (2) (2001) 129-136.
    Search in Google Scholar
  3. Citeau A., Guicheux J., Vinatier C., Layrolle P., Nguyen T. P., Pilet P., Daculsi G.: In vitro biological effects of titanium rough surface obtained by calcium phosphate grid blasting. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 157-165.
    Search in Google Scholar
  4. Liang C. Y., Yang X. J., Wei Q., Cui Z. D.: Comparison of calcium phosphate coatings formed on femtosecond laser-induced and sand-blasted titanium. Applied Surface Science 255 (2008) 515-518.
    Search in Google Scholar
  5. Gbureck U., Masten A., Probst J., Thull R.: Tribochemical structuring and coating of implant metal surfaces with titanium oxide and hydroxyapatite layers. Materials Science and Engineering C 23 (2003) 461-465.
    Search in Google Scholar
  6. Hryniewicz T., Rokicki R., Rokosz K.: Corrosion and surface characterization of titanium biomaterial after magnetoelectropolishing. Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2009) 1508-1515.
    Search in Google Scholar
  7. Strnad J., Strnad Z., Sestak J.: Physico-chemical properties and healing capacity of potentially bioactive titanium surface. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 88 (3) (2007) 775-779.
    Search in Google Scholar
  8. Mohammadi Z., Ziaei-Moayyed A. A., Sheikh-Mehdi Mesgar A.: Grit blasting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy: Optimization and its effect on adhesion strength of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 194 (2007) 15-23.
    Search in Google Scholar
  9. Lu X., Zhao Z., Leng Y.: Biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings on nitric-acid-treated titanium surfaces. Materials Science and Engineering C 27 (2007) 700-708.
    Search in Google Scholar
  10. Yousefpour M., Afshar A., Chen J., Xingdong Z.: Bioactive layer formation on alkaline-acid treated titanium in simulated body fluid. Materials and Design 28 (2007) 2154-2159.
    Search in Google Scholar
  11. Pattanayak D. K., Kawai T., Matsushita T., Takadama H., Nakamura T., Kokubo T.: Effect of HCl concentrations on apatie-forming ability of NaOH-HCl - and heat-treated titanium metal. J Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (2009) published on-line: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m7l108m885m83056/
    Search in Google Scholar
  12. Assis S. L., Costa I.: The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloy in Hanks' Solution. Materials Research 9 (4) (2006) 425-429.
    Search in Google Scholar
  13. Han J. Y., Zu Z. T., Zhou L.: Hydroxyapatite/titania composite bioactivity coating processed by sol-gel method. Applied Surface Science 255 (2008) 455-458.
    Search in Google Scholar
  14. Nguyen H. Q., Deporter D. A., Pilliar R. M., Valiquette N., Yakubovich R.: The effect of sol-gel formed calcium phosphate coatings on bone ingrowth and osteoconductivity of porous-surfaced Ti alloy implants. Biomaterials 25(5) (2004) 865-876.
    Search in Google Scholar
  15. Wierzchoń T., Czarnowska E., Krupa D.: Inżynieria powierzchni w wytwarzaniu biomateriałów tytanowych. Oficyna Wyd. Politechniki Warszawskiej. Warszawa 2004.
    Search in Google Scholar
  16. Wilks R. G., Santos E., Kurmaev E. Z., Yablonskikh M. V., Moewes A., Kuromoto N. K., Soares G. A.: Characterization of oxide layers fordem on electrochemically treated Ti by Rusing soft X-ray absorption measurements. J Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 169 (2009) 46-50.
    Search in Google Scholar
  17. Diamanti M. V., Pedeferri M. P.: Effect of anodic oxidation parameters on the titanium oxides formation. Corrosion Science 49 (2007) 939-948.
    Search in Google Scholar
  18. Cui X., Kim H.-M., Kawashita M., Wang L., Xiong T., Kokubo T., Nakamura T.: Preparation of bioactive titania films on titanium metal via anodic oxidation. Dental materials 25 (2009) 80-86.
    Search in Google Scholar
  19. Bauer S., Park J., Mark K., Schmuki P.: Improved attachment of mesenchymal stem cells on super-hydrophobic TiO2 nanotubes. Acta Biomaterialia 4 (2008) 1576-1582.
    Search in Google Scholar
  20. Goto T.: Surface coating technology for biomaterials - morphology and nonostructure control. International Congress Series 1284 (2005) 248-256.
    Search in Google Scholar
  21. Sevilla P., Aparicio C., Planell J. A., Gil F. J.: Comparison of the mechanical properties between tantalum and nickel-titanium foams implant materials for bone ingrowth applications. J Alloys and Compounds 439 (2007) 67-73.
    Search in Google Scholar
  22. Trommer R. M., Santos L. A., Bergmann C. P.: Alternative technique for hydroxyapatite coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 9587-9593.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.04.028
    Search in Google Scholar
  23. Kim D. S., Han S. J., Kwak S.-Y.: Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 with the surface area, crystallite size, and pore size. J Colloid and Interface Science 316 (2007) 85-91.
    Search in Google Scholar
  24. Baram N., Starosvetsky D., Starosvetsky J., Epshtein M., Armon R., Ein-Eli Y.: Enhanced inactivation of E. coli bacteria using immobilized porous TiO2 photoelectrocatalysis. Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 3381-3386.
    Search in Google Scholar
  25. Lewis G., McVay B.: Effect of Thermal Spray Process for Deposition Hydroxyapatite Coating on a Titanium Alloy on its Fatigue Performance. 17th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conf (1998) 119.
    Search in Google Scholar
  26. Gledhill H. C., Turner I. G., Doyle C.: In vitro dissolution behavior of two morphologically different thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Biomaterials 22 (2001) 695-700.
    Search in Google Scholar
  27. Li H., Khor K. A.: Characteristics of the nanostructures in thermal sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings and their influence on coating properties. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2006) 2147-2154.
    Search in Google Scholar
  28. Lima R. S., Khor K. A., Li H., Cheang P., Marple B. R.: HVOF spraying on nanostructured hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering A 396 (2005) 181-187.
    Search in Google Scholar
  29. Goana M., Lima R. S., Marple B. R.: Influence of particle temperature and velocity on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) - sprayed nanostructured titania coatings. J Materials Processing Technology 198 (2008) 426-435.
    Search in Google Scholar
  30. Hoseini M., Jedenmalm A., Boldizar A.: Tribological investigation of coatings for artificial joints. Wear 264 (2008) 958-966.
    Search in Google Scholar
  31. Chiu S-M., Chen Z-S., Yang K-Y., Hsu Y-L., Gan D.: Photocatalytic activity of moped TiO2 coatings prepared by sputtering deposition. J Materials Processing Technology 192-193 (2007) 60-67.
    Search in Google Scholar
  32. Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Rajchel B., Barcz A., Sobczak J. W., Biliński A., Borowski T.: Effect of calcium-ion implantation on the corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the Ti6Al4V Allom. Vacuum 81 (2007) 1310-1313.
    Search in Google Scholar
  33. Xie Y., Liu X., Huang A., Ding Ch., Chu P. K.: Improvement of surface bioactivity on titanium by water and hydrogen plasma immersion ion implantation. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 6129-6135.
    Search in Google Scholar
  34. Jo Y. J., Lee C. M., Jang H. S., Lee N. S., Suk J.-H., Lee W. H.: Mechanical properties of fully porous and porous-surfaced Ti-6Al-4V implants fabricated by electro-discharge-sintering. J Materials Processing Technology 194 (2007) 121-125.
    Search in Google Scholar
  35. An Y. B., Lee W. H.: Synthesis of porous titanium implants by environmental-electro-discharge-sintering process. Materials Chemistry and Physics 95 (2006) 242-247.
    Search in Google Scholar
  36. Lausmaa J. in Brunette D. M., Tengvall P., Textor M., Thomsen P. (Eds.): Titanium in Medicine, Springer, Berlin (2001) 231-266.10.1007/978-3-642-56486-4_8
    Search in Google Scholar
  37. Albrektsson T., Wennerberg A.: Part 1 - review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them. International J Prosthodontosis. 17(5) (2004) 536-543.
    Search in Google Scholar
  38. Cook S. D., Thomas K. A., Kay J. F., Jarcho M.: Hydroxyapatite-coated titanium for orthopedic implant applications. Clinical Orthopaedic and Related Research (1988) 225-243.
    Search in Google Scholar
  39. Ronald H. J., Ellingsen J. E.: Effect of micro-roughness produced by TiO2 blasting-tensile testing of bone attachment by using coin-shaped implants. Biomaterials 23 (2002) 4211-4219.
    Search in Google Scholar
  40. Fini M., Savarino L., Aldini N. N., Martini L., Giaveresi G., Rizzi G., Martini D., Ruggeri A., Giunti A., Giardino R.: Biomechanical and histomorphometric investigation on two morphologically differing titanium surfaces with and without frluorohydroxyapatite coating: an experimental study in sheep tibiae. Biomaterials 24 (2003) 3183-3192.
    Search in Google Scholar
  41. Andrade M. C., Bastos I. N., Filgueiras M. R. T., Ogasawara T.: Behavior of hydroxyapatite coated titanium as a function of NaOH pretreatment. Revista Cientifica Internacional, 1(3) (2008) 1-16.
    Search in Google Scholar
  42. Conforto E., Caillard D., Muller L., Muller F. A.: The structure of titanate nanobelts used as seeds for the nucleation of hydroxyapatite at the surface of titanium implants. Acta Biomaterialia 4 (2008) 1934-1943.
    Search in Google Scholar
  43. Ho W-F., Lai Ch-H., Hsu H-Ch., Wu S-Ch.: Surface modification of low-modulus Ti-7.5Mo Allom treated with aqueous NaOH. Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2009) 3142-3150.
    Search in Google Scholar
  44. Kim H. M., Miyaji F., Kokubo T., Nakamura T.: Preparation of bioactive Ti and its alloys via Simple chemical surface treatment. J Biomedical Materials Research, 32 (3) (1996) 409-417.
    Search in Google Scholar
  45. Lu X., Leng Y., Zhang X., Xu J., Qin L., Chan Ch-W.: Comparative study of osteoconduction on micromachined and alkali-treated titanium alloy surfaces in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 1793-1801.
    Search in Google Scholar
  46. Nebe J. B., Muller L., Luthen F., Ewald A., Bergemann C., Conforto E., Muller F. A.: Osteoblast response to biomimetically altered titanium surfaces. Acta Biomaterialia 4 (2008) 1985-1995.
    Search in Google Scholar
  47. Takeuchi M., Abe Y., Yoshida Y., Nakayama Y., Okazaki M., Akagawa Y.: Acid pretreatment of titanium implants. Biomaterials 24 (10) (2003) 1821-1827.
    Search in Google Scholar
  48. Tas A. C.: Formation of calcium phosphate whiskers in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutions AT 90°C. J Americal Ceramics Society 90(8) (2007) 2358-2362.
    Search in Google Scholar
  49. Shukla A. K., Balasubramaniam R.: Effect of surface treatment on electrochemical behavior of CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys in simulated human body fluid. Corrosion Science 48 (2006) 1696-1720.
    Search in Google Scholar
  50. Oh S-H., Finones R. R., Daraio C., Chen L-H., Jin S.: Growth of nano-scale hydroxyapatite using chemically treated titanium oxide nanotubes. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 4938-4943.
    Search in Google Scholar
  51. Sobieszczyk S., Zieliński A.: Coatings in Arthroplasty. Advances in Materials Science, vol. 8, no 4 (2008) 35-54.
    Search in Google Scholar
  52. Li P., Groot K.: A calcium phosphate formation within sol-gel-prepared titania in vitro and in vivo. J Biomedical Science Research 27 (1993) 1495-1500.
    Search in Google Scholar
  53. Wen C. E., Xu W., Hu W. Y., Hodgson P. D.: Hydroxyapatite/titania sol-gel coatings on titanium-zirconium alloy for biomedical applications. Acta Biomaterialia 3 (2007) 403-410.
    Search in Google Scholar
  54. Ben-Nissan B., Milev A., Vago R.: Morphology of sol-gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 25 (2004) 4971-4975.
    Search in Google Scholar
  55. Maiyalagan T., Viswanathan B., Varadaraju U. V.: Fabrication and characterization of uniform TiO2 nanotube arrays by sol-gel template method. Bull. Mater. Sci., vol. 29 (7) (2006) 705-708.
    Search in Google Scholar
  56. Kim H-W., Koh Y-H., Li L-H., Lee S., Kim H-E.: Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium substrate with titania Buffet layer processed by sol-gel method Biomaterials 25 (2004) 2533-2538.
    Search in Google Scholar
  57. Feng B., Chu X., Chen J., Wang J., Lu X., Weng J.: Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium surface with titania nanotube layer and its bond strength to substrate. J Porous Materials (2009) published on-line:http://www.springerlink.com/content/793488162u28q61t/
    Search in Google Scholar
  58. Narayanan R., Seshadri S. K.: Phosphoric acid anodization of Ti-6Al-4V - Structural and corrosion aspects. Corrosion Science 49 (2007) 542-558.
    Search in Google Scholar
  59. Oh S., Jin S.: Titanium oxide nanotubes with controlled morphology for enhanced bone growth. Materials Science and Engineering C 26 (2006) 1301-1306.
    Search in Google Scholar
  60. Wei D., Zhou Y., Yang Ch.: Characteristic, cell response and apatite-induction ability of microarc oxidized TiO2-based coating containing P on Ti6Al4V before and after chemical-treatment and dehydration. Ceramics International 35 (2009) 2545-2554.
    Search in Google Scholar
  61. Sun J., Han Y., Huang X.: Hydroxyaptite coatings prepared by micro-arc oxidation in Ca- an P-containing electrolyte. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 5655-5658.
    Search in Google Scholar
  62. Wei D., Zhou Y., Jia D., Wang J.: Effect of heat treatment on the structure and in vitro bioactivity of microarc-oxidized (MAO) titania coatings containing Ca P ions. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 8723-8729.
    Search in Google Scholar
  63. Park I. S., Woo T. G., Jeon W. Y., Park H. H., Lee M. H., Bae T. S., Seol K. W.: Surface characteristics of titanium anodized in the four different types of electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta 53 (2007) 863-870.
    Search in Google Scholar
  64. Nolan M. G.: Design and commissioning of an off-line APCVD coater to deposit titanium dioxide self-cleaning films. SIMTech technical reports, 9 (2) (2008) 75-80.
    Search in Google Scholar
  65. Romanuja N., Levy R. A., Dharmadhikari S. N., Ramos E., Pearce W., Menasian S. C., Schamberger P. C., Collins C. C.: Synthesis and characterization of low pressure chemically vapor deposited titanium nitride films using TiCl4 and NH3. Materials Letters 57(2) (2002) 261-269.
    Search in Google Scholar
  66. Cruz N. C., Rangel E. C., Wang J., Trasferetti B. C., Daranzo C. U., Castro S. G., Morges M. A. B.: Properties of titanium oxide films obtained by PECVD. Surface & Coating Technology 126 (2-3) (2000) 123-130.
    Search in Google Scholar
  67. Jóźwik K., Karczemska A.: The new generation Ti6Al4V artificial heart valve with nanocrystalline diamond coating on the ring and with Derlin disc after long-term mechanical fatigue examination. Diamond & Related Materials 16 (2007) 1004-1009.
    Search in Google Scholar
  68. Kugler C., Fink M., Laimer J., Stori H.: Dynamics of pulsed d.c. discharges used for PACVD - effect of additional high voltage pulses. Surface & Coatings Technology 142-144 (2001) 424-428.
    Search in Google Scholar
  69. Tosatti S., Michel R., Textor M., Spencer N. D.: Self-assembled monolayers of dodecyl and hydroxyl-dodecyl phosphates on both smooth and rough titanium and titanium oxide surfaces. Langmuir 18(9) (2002) 3537-3548.
    Search in Google Scholar
  70. Zhang Z. H., Feng Ch.L.: Immobilization/hybridization of amino-modified DNA on plasma-polymerized allyl chloride. Applied Surface Science 253 (22) (2007) 8915-8922.
    Search in Google Scholar
  71. Ishikawa K., Suzuki T., Kitamura Y., Tobe S.: Corrosion resistance of thermal sprayed titanium coatings in chloride solution. J Thermal Spray Technology 8(2) (2007) 273-278.
    Search in Google Scholar
  72. Liu X., Poon R. W. Y., Kwok S. C. H., Chu P. K., Ding Ch.: Plasma surface modification of titanium for hard tissue replacements. Surface & Coatings Technology 186 (2004) 227-233.
    Search in Google Scholar
  73. Nakashima Y., Hayashi K., Inadome T., Uenoyama K., Hara T., Kanemaru T., Sugioka Y., Noda I.: Hydroxyapatite-coating on titanium arc sprayed titanium implants. J Biomedical Materials Research Part A 35(3) (1998) 287-298.
    Search in Google Scholar
  74. Rajesekaran B., Ganesh S. R. S., Joshi S., Sundararajan G.: Performance of plasma sprayed and detonation gun sprayed Cu-Ni-In coatings on Ti-6Al-4V under plain fatigue and fretting fatigue loading. Materials Science & Engineering 479 (1-2) (2008) 83-92.
    Search in Google Scholar
  75. Bray M., Cockburn A., O'Neill W.: The Laser-assisted Cold Spray process and deposition charactrisation. Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (19) (2009) 2851-2857.
    Search in Google Scholar
  76. Chiu Ch-Y., Hsu H-Ch., Tuan W-H.: Effect of zirconia addition on the microstructural evolution of Poros hydroxyapatite. Ceramics International 33 (2007) 715-718.
    Search in Google Scholar
  77. Wiklund U., Larsson M.: Low friction PVD titanium-carbon coatings. Wear 241 (2) 234-238.10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00381-1
    Search in Google Scholar
  78. Giolli C., Borgioli F., Credi A., et. al.: Characterization of TiO2 coatings prepared by a modified electric arc-physical vapor deposition system. Surface & Coatings Technology 202 (2007) 13-22.
    Search in Google Scholar
  79. Sobiecki J. R., Wierzchoń T.: Structure and properties of plasma carbonitrided Ti-6Al-2Cr-2Mo Alloy. Surface & Coatings Technology 200 (14-15) 4363-4367.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.02.162
    Search in Google Scholar
  80. Moller W., Mukherjee S.: Plasma-based ion implantation. Current Science 83 (3) (2002) 237-253.
    Search in Google Scholar
  81. Zhao X., Liu X., Ding Ch., Chu P. K.: Effects of plasma treatment on bioactivity of TiO2 coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2007) 6878-6881.
    Search in Google Scholar
  82. Valencia-Alvarado R., Piedad-Beneitez A., Lopez-Callejas R., Barocio S. R., Mercado-Cabrera A., Pena-Equiluz R., Munoz-Castro A. E., Rosa-Vazquez J.: Oxygen implantation and diffusion in pure titanium by an rf inductively coupled plasma. Vacuum 83 (Supp 1) (2009) 264-267.
    Search in Google Scholar
  83. Gurrappa I., Monara D., Gerlach J. W., Mandl S., Rauschenbach B.: Influence of nitrogen implantation on the high temperature oxidation of titanium-based alloys. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (6) (2006) 3536-3546.
    Search in Google Scholar
  84. Johansson C. B., Lausmaa J., Rastlund T., Thomsen P.: Commercially pure titanium and Ti6Al4V implants with an without nitrogen-ion-implantation: surface characterization and quantitative studies in rabbit cortical bone. J Materials Science in Medicine 4 (2) (1993) 132-141.
    Search in Google Scholar
  85. Varela M., Garcia J. A., Rodriquez R., Caceres D., Ballesteros C.: Microstructure changes induced by low-energy high-temperature nitrogen ion implantation on vanadium-titanium alloys. Nanotechnology 3 (2003) 207-210.
    Search in Google Scholar
  86. Pham M. T., Matz W., Reuther H., Richter E., Steiner G.: Hydroxyapatite nucleation on Na ion implanted Ti surfaces. J Materials Science Letters 19 (2000) 1029-1031.
    Search in Google Scholar
  87. Cai K. Y.: Surface modification of titanium films with sodium ion implantation: surface properties and protein adsorption. Acta Metallurgica Sinica 20 (2) (2007) 148-156.
    Search in Google Scholar
  88. Asami K., Ohtsu N., Saito K., Hanawa T.: CaTiO3 films sputter-deposited under simultaneous Ti-ion implantation on Ti-substrate. Surface & Coatings Technology 200 (2005) 1005-1008.
    Search in Google Scholar
  89. Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Sobczak J. W., Biliński A., Barcz A., Rajchel B.: Influence of anodic oxidation on the bioactivity and corrosion resistance of phosphorous-ion implanted titanium. Vacuum 70 (2003) 109-113.
    Search in Google Scholar
  90. Wan Y. Z., Huang Y., He F., Wang Y. L., Zhao Z. G., Ding H. F.: Effect of Mg ion implantation on calcium phosphate formation on titanium. Surface & Coatings Technology 201 (2006) 2904-2909.
    Search in Google Scholar
  91. Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Kozubowski J. A., Barcz A., Sobczak J. W., Biliński A., Lewandowska-Szumiel M., Rajchel B.: Effect of dual Ion implantation of calcium and phosphorus on the properties of titanium. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 2847-2856.
    Search in Google Scholar
  92. Krupa D., Baszkiewicz J., Kozubowski J., Barcz A., Sobczak J., Biliński A., Rajchel B.: The influence of calcium and/Or phosphorous ion implantation on the structure and corrosion resistance of titanium. Vacuum 63 (2001) 715-719.
    Search in Google Scholar
  93. Hanawa T., Nakajima S., Yamamoto A., Suzuki Y., Iwaki M.: Control of platelet and cell adhesion to titanium with helium ion implantation. European Cells and Materials 6 (Supp 1) (2003) 36.
    Search in Google Scholar
  94. Ma X., Sun Y., Wu P., Xia L., Yukimura K.: Structure of titanium films implanted with carbon by plasma-based ion implantation. Surface & Coatings Technology 169-170 (2003) 375-378.
    Search in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10077-010-0003-3 | Journal eISSN: 2083-4799 | Journal ISSN: 1730-2439
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 29 - 42
Published on: Jun 23, 2010
Published by: Gdansk University of Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
bioactivity,
osteoconductivity,
osseointegration,
surface modifications,
titanium
Related subjects:
Materials sciences,
Functional and smart materials

© 2010 Sylwia Sobieszczyk, published by Gdansk University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.

Volume 10 (2010): Issue 1 (March 2010)