The effect of the surface modification of carbon nanotubes on their dispersion in the epoxy matrix

Maria Wladyka-Przybylak; Dorota Wesolek; Weronika Gieparda; Anna Boczkowska; Ewelina Ciecierska

doi:10.2478/v10026-011-0026-5

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

The effect of the surface modification of carbon nanotubes on their dispersion in the epoxy matrix

Green Sciences

Volume 13 (2011): Issue 2 (June 2011)

By: Maria Wladyka-Przybylak, Dorota Wesolek, Weronika Gieparda, Anna Boczkowska and Ewelina Ciecierska

Open Access

|Jun 2011

Abstract

Functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has an effect on the dispersion of MWCNT in the epoxy matrix. Samples based on two kinds of epoxy resin and different weight percentage of MWCNTs (functionalized and non-functionalized) were prepared. Epoxy/carbon nanotubes composites were prepared by different mixing methods (ultrasounds and a combination of ultrasounds and mechanical mixing). CNTs modified with different functional groups were investigated. Surfactants were used to lower the surface tension of the liquid, which enabled easier spreading and reducing the interfacial tension. Solvents were also used to reduce the liquid viscosity. Some of them facilitate homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes in the resin. The properties of epoxy/nanotubes composites strongly depend on a uniform distribution of carbon nanotubes in the epoxy matrix. The type of epoxy resin, solvent, surfactant and mixing method for homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in the epoxy matrix was evaluated. The effect of CNTs functionalization type on their dispersion in the epoxy resins was evaluated on the basis of viscosity and microstructure studies.

References

Iijima, S. (1991). Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56-58. doi:10.1038/354056a0.10.1038/354056a0
Search in Google Scholar
Nesterenko, A.M., Kolesnik, N.F., Akhmatov, Y.S., Sukhomlin, V.I. & Prilutski, O.V. (1982). Metals 3 UDK 869.173.23, News of the Academy of Science, USSR, 12-16.
Search in Google Scholar
Iijima, S. & Ichihashi, T. (1993). Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 363, 603-605. doi:10.1038/363603a0.10.1038/363603a0
Search in Google Scholar
Bethune, D.S., Kiang, C.H., Devries, M.S., Gorman, G., Savoy, R. & Vazquez, J. et al. (1993). Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls. Nature 363, 605-607. doi:10.1038/363605a0.10.1038/363605a0
Search in Google Scholar
Ajayan, P.M. & Iijima, S. (1993). Capillarity-induced filling of carbon nanotubes. Nature 361, 333-334. doi:10.1038/361333a0.10.1038/361333a0
Search in Google Scholar
Thostenson, E.T., Ren, Z.F., Chou, T.-W. (2001). Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61(13), 1899-1912. doi:10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00094-X.10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00094-X
Search in Google Scholar
Wildoer, J.W.G., Venema, L.C., Rinzler, A.G., Smalley, R.E. & Dekker, C. (1998). Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes. Nature 391, 59-62. doi:10.1038/34139.10.1038/34139
Search in Google Scholar
Hone, J., Batlogg, B., Benes, Z., Johnson, A.T. & Fischer, J.E. (2000). Quantized Phonon Spectrum of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Science 289, 1730. doi: 10.1126/science.289.5485.1730.10.1126/science.289.5485.1730
Search in Google Scholar
Ruoff, R.S. & Lorents, D.C. (1995). Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 33(7), 925-930. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(95)00021-5.10.1016/0008-6223(95)00021-5
Search in Google Scholar
Treacy, M.M.J., Ebbesen, T.W. & Gibson, J.M. (1996). Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 381, 678-680. doi:10.1038/381678a010.1038/381678a0
Search in Google Scholar
Gojny, F.H., Wichmann, M.H.G., Fiedler, B. & Schulte, K. (2005). Influence of different carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites - A comparative study. Compos. Sci. Technol. 65(15-16), 2300-2313. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.02110.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.021
Search in Google Scholar
Prolongo, S.G., Rosario, G. & Urena A. (2006). Comparative study on the adhesive properties of different epoxy resins. Int J Adhesion and Adhesives 26(3), 125-132. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2005.02.004.10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2005.02.004
Search in Google Scholar
Neffgen, B. (1985). Epoxy resins in the building industry - 25 years of experience. Int J Cement Comp and Lightweight Concrete 7(4), 253-260. doi:10.1016/0262-5075(85)90046-6.10.1016/0262-5075(85)90046-6
Search in Google Scholar
Toldy, A., Szolnoki, B. & Marosi, G. (2010) Flame retardancy of fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites for aerospace applications. Polymer Degradation and Stability Article in Press. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.021.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.021
Search in Google Scholar
Kagathara, V.M. & Parsania, P.H. (2001) Preparation and evaluation of mechano-electrical properties and chemical resistance of epoxy laminates of halogenated bisphenol-C resins. Polymer Testing 20(6), 713-716. doi:10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00071-4.10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00071-4
Search in Google Scholar
Atta, A.M., Abdou, M.I., Elsayed, A. & Raga M.E. (2008). New bisphenol novolac epoxy resins for marine primer steel coating applications. Progress in Organic Coatings 63(4), 372-376. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.06.013.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.06.013
Search in Google Scholar
Kovacs, J.Z., Andersen, K., Puls, J.R., Pardo Garcia, K., Schossig, M., Schulte, K. & Bauhofer, W. (2007). Analyzing the quality of carbon nanotube dispersions in polymers using scanning electron microscopy. Carbon 45(6), 1279-1288. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.01.012.10.1016/j.carbon.2007.01.012
Search in Google Scholar
Abdalla, M., Detrick, D., Adibempe, D., Nyairo, E., Robinson, P. & Thompson, G. (2007). The effect of interfacial chemistry on molecular mobility and morphology of multiwalled carbon nanotubes epoxy nanocomposite. Polymer 48(19), 5662-5670. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.073.10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.073
Search in Google Scholar
Young, R.J. & Lucas, M. (2007). Effect of residual stresses upon the Raman radial breathing modes of nanotubes in epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67(5), 840-843. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.12.03110.1016/j.compscitech.2005.12.031
Search in Google Scholar
Jianfeng, S., Weishi, H., Liping, W., Yizhe, H. & Mingxin, Y. (2007). Thermo-physical properties of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Comp. A 38, 1331-1336. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.10.012.10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.10.012
Search in Google Scholar
Liu, J.Q., Xiao, T., Liao K. & Wu, P. (2007). Interfacial design of carbon nanotube polymer composites: a hybrid system of noncovalent and covalent functionalizations. Nanotechnology 18(16), 165701. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/18/16/165701.10.1088/0957-4484/18/16/165701
Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, Y., Pervin, F., Lewis, L. & Jeelani, S. (2007). Experimental study on the thermal and mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 452, 657-664. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.06610.1016/j.msea.2006.11.066
Search in Google Scholar
Gojny, F.H. & Schulte, K. (2004). Functionalisation effect on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of multi-wall carbon nanotube/epoxy-composites. Compos. Sci. Tech. 64(15), 2303. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.01.024.10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.01.024
Search in Google Scholar
Hadjiev, V.G., Lagoudas, D.C., Oh, E.S., Thakre, P., Davis, D., Files, B.S., Yowell, L., Arepalli, S., Bahr, J.L. & Tour, J.M. (2006). Buckling instabilities of octadecylamine functionalized carbon nanotubes embedded in epoxy. Compos. Sci. Tech. 66(1), 128-136. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.01.004.10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.01.004
Search in Google Scholar
Martin, C.A., Sandler, J.K.W., Windle, A.H., Schwarz, M.K., Baunhofer, W., Schulte, K. & Shaffer, M.S.P. (2005). Electric field-induced aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube networks in epoxy composites. Polymer 46(3), 877-886. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.081.10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.081
Search in Google Scholar
Fidelus, J.D., Wiesel, E., Gojny, F.H., Schulte, K. & Wagner H.D. (2005). Thermo-mechanical properties of randomly oriented carbon/epoxy nanocomposites. Comp. A 36(11), 1555-1561. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.02.006.10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.02.006
Search in Google Scholar
Gojny, F.H., Wichmann, M.H.G., Fiedler, B., Bauhofer, W. & Schulte, K. (2005). Influence of nano-modification on the mechanical and electrical properties of conventional fibre-reinforced composites. Comp. A 36(11), 1525-1535. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.02.007.10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.02.007
Search in Google Scholar
Potschke, P., Fornes, T.D. & Paul, D.R. (2002). Rheological behavior of multiwall carbon nanotubes/polycarbonate composites. Polymer 43, 3247-55. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00151-9.10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00151-9
Search in Google Scholar
Mitchell, C.A., Bahr, J.L., Arepalli, S., Tour, J.M. & Krishnamoorti, R. (2002). Dispersion of functionalized carbon nanotubes in polystyrene. Macromolecules 35, 8825-30. doi: 10.1021/ma020890y.10.1021/ma020890y
Search in Google Scholar
Kim, J.A., Seong, D.G., Kang, T.J. & Youn, J.R. (2006). Effects of surface modification on rheological and mechanical properties of CNT/epoxy composites. Carbon 44(10), 1898-1905. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.026.10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.026
Search in Google Scholar
Gojny, F.H., Nastalczyk, J., Rosłaniec, Z., Schulze, K. (2003). Surface modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes in CNT/epoxy-composites. Chem. Phys. Lett. 370, 820-824. 10.2478/v10026-011-0027-410.1016/S0009-2614(03)00187-8
Search in Google Scholar

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10026-011-0026-5 | Journal eISSN: 3072-0389

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 62 - 69

Published on: Jun 16, 2011

Published by: West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Related subjects:

Industrial chemistry,

Biotechnology,

Chemical engineering,

Process engineering

© 2011 Maria Wladyka-Przybylak, Dorota Wesolek, Weronika Gieparda, Anna Boczkowska, Ewelina Ciecierska, published by West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.

Volume 13 (2011): Issue 2 (June 2011)