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The Conceptualization of Minorities in the Practice of UN Treaty Bodies – A Case Study from the Alpine-Adriatic-Pannonian Area Cover

The Conceptualization of Minorities in the Practice of UN Treaty Bodies – A Case Study from the Alpine-Adriatic-Pannonian Area

By: Noémi Nagy  
Open Access
|Dec 2025

References

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  20. Thornberry, P., 2005. Confronting Racial Discrimination: A CERD Perspective. Human Rights Law Review 5 (2), 239–269, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngi015
  21. Thornberry, P., 2019. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In F. Mégret & P. Alston (eds.) The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 324–338.
  22. Zorn, J., 2005. Ethnic Citizenship in the Slovenian State. Citizenship Studies 9 (2), 135–152, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020500049093
  23. Žagar, M., 1996. Evolving Concepts of Protection of Minorities: International and Constitutional Law. Treatises and Documents / Razprave in Gradivo 31, 135-191.
  24. UN Treaty Body Database, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en (accessed 15 October 2025).
  25. United Nations Digital Library, https://digitallibrary.un.org (accessed 15 October 2025).
  26. United Nations Treaty Series, https://treaties.un.org (accessed 15 October 2025).
  27. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Austria:
  28. CERD: A/9618, paras. 130-137; A/31/18, paras. 50-57; A/33/18, paras. 118-127; A/35/18, paras. 86-95; A/37/18, paras. 182-194; A/40/18, paras. 128-139; A/44/18, paras. 159-172; A/47/18, paras. 179-199; CERD/C/304/Add.64; CERD/C/60/CO/1; CERD/C/AUT/CO/17; CERD/C/AUT/CO/18-20.
  29. CCPR: A/38/40, paras. 178-219; A/47/40, paras. 80-124; CCPR/C/79/Add.103; CCPR/C/AUT/CO/4; CCPR/C/AUT/CO/5; CCPR/C/AUT/QPR/6 (LoIPR).
  30. CESCR: E/1981/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 35-60; E/C.12/1988/4, paras. 23-48; E/C.12 /1988/4, paras. 49-61; E/1986/WG.1/SR.4, paras. 1-51; E/1986/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 22-61; E/C.12/1994/16; E/C.12/AUT/CO/325; E/C.12/AUT/CO/4; E/C.12/AUT/QPR/5 (LoIPR).
  31. CEDAW: A/46/38, paras. 303-333; A/55/38, Part II, paras. 211-243; CEDAW/C/AUT/CO/6; CEDAW/C/AUT/CO/7-8; CEDAW/C/AUT/CO/9; CEDAW/C/AUT/QPR/10 (LoIPR).
  32. CAT: A/44/46, paras. 202-230; A/55/44, paras. 46-50; CAT/C/AUT/CO/3; CAT/C/AUT/CO/4-5; CAT/C/AUT/CO/6; CAT/C/AUT/CO/7.
  33. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.98; CRC/C/15/Add.251; CRC/C/AUT/CO/3-4; CRC/C/AUT/CO/5-6.
  34. CRPD: CRPD/C/AUT/CO/1; CRPD/C/AUT/CO/2-3.
  35. CED: CED/C/AUT/CO/1.
  36. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Bosnia and Herzegovina:
  37. CERD: A/48/18, paras. 453-473; A/50/18, paras. 205-225; CERD/C/BIH/CO/6; CERD/C/BIH/CO/7-8; CERD/C/BIH/CO/9-11; CERD/C/BIH/CO/12-13; CERD/C/BIH/CO/14-15.
  38. CCPR: CCPR/C/BIH/CO/1; CCPR/C/BIH/CO/2; CCPR/C/BIH/CO/3.
  39. CESCR: E/C.12/BIH/CO/1; E/C.12/BIH/CO/2; E/C.12/BIH/CO/3.
  40. CEDAW: CEDAW/C/BIH/CO/3; CEDAW/C/BIH/CO/4-5; CEDAW/C/BIH/CO/6.
  41. CAT: CAT/C/BIH/CO/1; CAT/C/BIH/CO/2-5; CAT/C/BIH/CO/6.
  42. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.260; CRC/C/BIH/CO/2-4; CRC/C/BIH/CO/5-6.
  43. CMW: CMW/C/BIH/CO/1; CMW/C/BIH/CO/2; CMW/C/BIH/CO/3.
  44. CRPD: CRPD/C/BIH/CO/1; CRPD/C/BIH/Q/2-3 (LoIPR).
  45. CED: CED/C/BIH/CO/1.
  46. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Croatia:
  47. CERD: A/48/18, paras. 474-508; A/50/18, paras. 143-178; CERD/C/304/Add.55; CERD/C/60/CO/4; CERD/C/HRV/CO/8; CERD/C/HRV/CO/9-14.
  48. CCPR: CCPR/CO/71/HRV; CCPR/C/HRV/CO/2; CCPR/C/HRV/CO/3; CCPR/C/HRV/CO/4.
  49. CESCR: E/C.12/1/Add.73; E/C.12/HRV/CO/2.
  50. CEDAW: A/53/38/REV.1, paras. 80-119; A/60/38, paras. 168-209; CEDAW/C/HRV/CO/4-5.
  51. CAT: A/51/44, paras. 151-162; A/54/44, paras. 61-71; CAT/C/CR/32/3; CAT/C/HRV/CO/4-5; CAT/C/HRV/QPR/6 (LoIPR).
  52. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.52; CRC/C/15/Add.243; CRC/C/HRV/CO/3-4; CRC/C/HRV/CO/5-6.
  53. CRPD: CRPD/C/HRV/CO/1.
  54. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Hungary:
  55. CERD: A/9018, paras. 188-193; A/9618, paras. 158-161; A/31/18, paras. 103-107; A/33/18, paras. 260-268; A/35/18, paras. 319-329; A/37/18, paras. 238-248; A/40/18, paras. 52-68; A/42/18, paras. 726-744; A/45/18, paras. 215-229; A/51/18, paras. 106-131; A/57/18, paras. 367-390; CERD/C/HUN/CO/18-25.
  56. CCPR: A/32/44, paras. 130-132; A/35/40, paras. 307-333; A/41/40, paras. 371-410; CCPR/C/79/Add.22; CCPR/CO/74/HUN; CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5; CCPR/C/HUN/CO/6.
  57. CESCR: E/1980/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 1-10; E/1982/WG.1/SR.14, paras. 32-48, 71-85; E/1984/WG.1/SR.19, paras. 1-33; E/1984/WG.1/SR.21, paras. 1-24; E/1986/WG.1/SR.6, paras. 44-59; E/1986/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 1-21; E/1986/WG.1/SR.9, paras. 49-70; E/C.12/HUN/CO/3.
  58. CEDAW: CEDAW/C/SR.32, paras. 1-18; CEDAW/C/SR.36, paras. 1-26; A/51/38, paras. 229-264; A/57/38, Part II, paras. 301-338; CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/6; CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/7-8; CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/9.
  59. CAT: A/48/44, paras. 342-364; A/54/44, paras. 78-87; CAT/C/HUN/CO/4; CAT/C/HUN/Q/5-6 (LoIPR).
  60. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.87; CRC/C/HUN/CO/2; CRC/C/HUN/CO/3-5; CRC/C/HUN/CO/6.
  61. CRPD: CRPD/C/HUN/CO/1; CRPD/C/HUN/CO/2-3.
  62. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Italy:
  63. CERD: A/32/18, paras. 284-294; A/35/18, paras. 58-73; A/39/18, paras. 297-312; A/45/18, paras. 286-298; A/50/18, paras. 77-109; CERD/C/304/Add.68; A/56/18, paras. 298-320; CERD/C/ITA/CO/15; CERD/C/ITA/CO/16-18; CERD/C/ITA/CO/19-20; CERD/C/ITA/CO/21-22.
  64. CCPR: A/36/40, paras. 104-147; A/44/40, paras. 541-609; CCPR/C/79/Add.37; CCPR/C/79/Add.94; CCPR/C/ITA/CO/5; CCPR/C/ITA/CO/6.
  65. CESCR: E/1982/WG.1/SR.3, paras. 32-47; E/1982/WG.1/SR.4, paras. 1-17; E/C.12/1992/SR.13; E/C.12/1/Add.43; E/C.12/1/Add.103; E/C.12/ITA/CO/5; E/C.12/ITA/CO/6.
  66. CEDAW: A/46/38, paras. 43-83; A/52/38/REV.1, paras. 322-364; A/60/38, paras. 298-338; CEDAW/C/ITA/CO/6; CEDAW/C/ITA/CO/7; CEDAW/C/ITA/CO/8.
  67. CAT: A/47/44, paras. 310-338; A/50/44, paras. 146-158; A/54/44, paras. 163-169; CAT/C/ITA/CO/4; CAT/C/ITA/CO/5-6; CAT/C/ITA/QPR/7 (LoIPR).
  68. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.41; CRC/C/15/Add.198; CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4; CRC/C/ITA/CO/5-6.
  69. CRPD: CRPD/C/ITA/CO/1.
  70. CED: CED/C/ITA/CO/1.
  71. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Montenegro:
  72. CERD: CERD/C/MNE/CO/1; CERD/C/MNE/CO/2-3; CERD/C/MNE/CO/4-6.
  73. CCPR: CCPR/C/MNE/CO/1; CCPR/C/MNE/QPR/2 (LoIPR).
  74. CESCR: E/C.12/MNE/CO/1.
  75. CEDAW: CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/1; CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/2; CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/3.
  76. CAT: CAT/C/MNE/CO/1; CAT/C/MNE/CO/2; CAT/C/MNE/CO/3.
  77. CRC: CRC/C/MNE/CO/1; CRC/C/MNE/CO/2-3.
  78. CRPD: CRPD/C/MNE/CO/1.
  79. CED: CED/C/MNE/CO/1.
  80. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on North-Macedonia:
  81. CERD: A/52/18, paras. 512-529; CERD/C/MKD/CO/7; CERD/C/MKD/CO/8-10.
  82. CCPR: CCPR/C/79/Add.96; CCPR/C/MKD/CO/2; CCPR/C/MKD/CO/3; CCPR/C/MKD/QPR/4 (LoIPR).
  83. CESCR: E/C.12/MKD/CO/1; E/C.12/MKD/CO/2-4.
  84. CEDAW: CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/3; CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/4-5; CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/6.
  85. CAT: A/54/44, paras. 106-117; CAT/C/MKD/CO/2; CAT/C/MKD/CO/3; CAT/C/MKD/CO/4.
  86. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.118; CRC/C/MKD/CO/2; CRC/C/MKD/CO/3-6.
  87. CRPD: CRPD/C/MKD/CO/1.
  88. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Serbia:
  89. CERD: CERD/C/SRB/CO/1; CERD/C/SRB/CO/2-5.
  90. CCPR: CCPR/CO/81/SEMO; CCPR/C/SRB/CO/2; CCPR/C/SRB/CO/3; CCPR/C/SRB/CO/4.
  91. CESCR: E/C.12/1/Add.108; E/C.12/SRB/CO/2; E/C.12/SRB/CO/3.
  92. CEDAW: CEDAW/C/SCG/CO/1; CEDAW/C/SCG/CO/2-3; CEDAW/C/SCG/CO/4.
  93. CAT: CAT/C/SRB/CO/1; CAT/C/SRB/CO/2; CAT/C/SRB/CO/3; CAT/C/SRB/QPR/4 (LoIPR).
  94. CRC: CRC/C/SRB/CO/1; CRC/C/SRB/CO/2-3.
  95. CRPD: CRPD/C/SRB/CO/1.
  96. CED: CED/C/SRB/CO/1.
  97. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Slovenia:
  98. CERD: CERD/C/304/Add.105; CERD/C/62/CO/9; CERD/C/SVN/CO/6-7; CERD/C/SVN/CO/8-11.
  99. CCPR: CCPR/C/79/Add.40; CCPR/CO/84/SVN; CCPR/C/SVN/CO/3.
  100. CESCR: E/C.12/SVN/CO/1; E/C.12/SVN/CO/2.
  101. CEDAW: A/52/38/Rev.1, paras. 81-122; A/58/38, Part II, paras. 184-228; CEDAW/C/SVN/CO/4; CEDAW/C/SVN/CO/5-6; CEDAW/C/SVN/CO/7.
  102. CAT: A/55/44, paras. 189-212; CAT/C/CR/30/4; CAT/C/SVN/CO/3; CAT/C/SVN/CO/4.
  103. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.65; CRC/C/15/Add.230; CRC/C/SVN/CO/3-4.
  104. CRPD: CRPD/C/SVN/CO/1; CRPD/C/SVN/QPR/2-4 (LoIPR).
  105. UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Yugoslavia:
  106. CERD: A/8027, para. 39; A/9018, paras. 219-223; A/10018, paras. 105-109; A/31/18, paras. 117-121; A/34/18, paras. 210-221; A/36/18, paras. 212- 219; A/38/18, paras. 148-161; A/40/18, paras. 538-556; A/45/18, paras. 192-205; A/48/18, paras. 509-547; A/50/18, paras. 226-246; A/53/18, paras. 190-214.
  107. CCPR: A/33/40, paras. 366-398; A/39/40, paras. 193-238; A/47/40, paras. 431-469.
  108. CESCR: E/1982/WG.1/SR.4, paras. 18-50; E/1982/WG.1/SR.5, paras. 1-8; E/C.12/1988/4, paras. 240-269; E/1984/WG.1/SR.16, paras. 26-46; E/1984/WG.1/SR.18, paras. 64-79; E/C.12/2000/21, paras. 496-511.
  109. CEDAW: A/46/38, paras. 334-359.
  110. CAT: A/54/44, paras. 35-52.
  111. CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tdjes-2025-0010 | Journal eISSN: 1854-5181 | Journal ISSN: 0354-0286
Language: English
Page range: 5 - 34
Submitted on: Jun 11, 2025
|
Accepted on: Sep 9, 2025
|
Published on: Dec 21, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2025 Noémi Nagy, published by Institute for Ethnic Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.