References
- Alfredsson, G., 2004. Minorities, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, and Peoples: Definitions of Terms as a Matter of International Law. In N. Ghanea-Hercock & A. Xanthaki (eds.) Minorities, Peoples and Self-Determination. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston, 163–172.
- Bašić, G. (ed.), 2023. Monitoring Minority Rights: Twenty-Five Years of Implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade; Academic Network for Cooperation in South East Europe, Belgrade; Institute for Ethnic Studies, Ljubljana.
- Capotorti, F., 1979. Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. United Nations.
- Craig, E., 2016. Who Are the Minorities? The Role of the Right to Self-Identify within the European Minority Rights Framework. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 15 (2), 6–30.
- Dobos, B., 2020. The Elections to Non-territorial Autonomies of Central and South Eastern Europe. Nationalities Papers 48 (2), 289–306, doi: http://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.1
- Eichler, J., Topidi, K. 2022. Introductory Remarks: Minority Recognition and its Transformative Potential – Critically Engaging with the Diversity Deficit. In J. Eichler & K. Topidi (eds.) Minority Recognition and the Diversity Deficit: Comparative Perspectives. Hart Publishing, Oxford, 1–17.
- Imai, S. & K Gunn, K., 2018. Indigenous Belonging: Membership and Identity in the UNDRIP: Articles 9, 33, 35, and 36. In J. Hohmann & M. Weller (eds.) The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 213–246.
- Korhecz, T., 2022. Parliamentary Representation of National Minorities in Serbia and Hungary: Mechanism for Effective Participation of Minorities, or Tool for Political Manipulation? Pravni Zapisi 13 (2), 536–559, doi: https://doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-40672
- Marko, J., Marko-Stöckl, E., Harzl, B. & Unger, H. 2019. The Historical-Sociological Foundations: State Formation and Nation Building in Europe and the Construction of the Identitarian Nation-Cum-State Paradigm. In J. Marko & S. Constantin (eds.) Human and Minority Rights Protection by Multiple Diversity Governance. Routledge, London, New York, 33–95.
- Medda-Windischer, R., 2008. Old and New Minorities: Reconciling Diversity and Cohesion. A Human Rights Model for Minority Integration. Nomos, Baden-Baden.
- Mission of the President of Ukraine in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 2024. Frequently Asked Questions about Indigenous Peoples in Ucraine, 9 August 2024, https://ppu.gov.ua/en/press-center/nayposhyrenishi-zapytannia-shchodo-korinnykh-narodiv-ukrainy/ (accessed 15 October 2025).
- Nagy, N., 2022. Szemérmes alkotmánybíráskodás – A nemzetiségek védelme az Alkotmánybíróság gyakorlatában [Self-Restrained Constitutional Justice – The Protection of Nationalities by the Constitutional Court of Hungary]. Budapest, L’ Harmattan.
- Nagy, N. & Tóth, N., 2025. Conceptualization of Minorities under Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – Divergent Interpretations by State Parties v. the UN Human Rights Committee. In A. L. Pap, N. Chronowski, B. Dobos, E. Kovács Szitkay & N. Nagy (eds.) Identity, Belonging and the Law : Agency, Proxies, Contestation, Legal and Practical Challenges to Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Groupness and Membership for National Minorities, Indigenous Peoples, Race, Ethnicity, and Religion. L’ Harmattan, Paris, 25–54.
- Nagy, N. & Vizi, B., 2024. Conceptualisation and Operationalisation of Minorities in International Law: Past Experiences and New Avenues. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 65 (4), 378–404, doi: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2024.00546
- Nagy, N. & Vizi, B., 2025. Jogvédelem definíció nélkül? A kisebbség fogalmának meghatározására tett újabb kísérletek. In A. L. Pap, N. Chronowski, B. Dobos, E. Kovács Szitkay & N. Nagy (eds.) Faj, etnicitás, nemzeti hovatartozás, régi és új kisebbségek: a kategorizáció jogi és gyakorlati dilemmái. L’ Harmattan, Budapest, 33–56.
- Pap, A. L., 2021. Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Identity, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality by Law: An Introduction. Nationalities Papers 49 (2), 213–220, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2020.51
- Pentassuglia, G., 2002. Minorities in International Law – An Introductory Study. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg.
- Scheinin, M., 2004. What are Indigenous Peoples? In N. Ghanea-Hercock & A. Xanthaki (eds.) Minorities, Peoples and Self-Determination. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston, 3–14.
- Spiliopoulou Åkermark, A., 1997. Justifications of Minority Protection in International Law. Kluwer Law International, London etc.
- Thornberry, P., 2005. Confronting Racial Discrimination: A CERD Perspective. Human Rights Law Review 5 (2), 239–269, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngi015
- Thornberry, P., 2019. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In F. Mégret & P. Alston (eds.) The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 324–338.
- Zorn, J., 2005. Ethnic Citizenship in the Slovenian State. Citizenship Studies 9 (2), 135–152, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020500049093
- Žagar, M., 1996. Evolving Concepts of Protection of Minorities: International and Constitutional Law. Treatises and Documents / Razprave in Gradivo 31, 135-191.
- UN Treaty Body Database, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en (accessed 15 October 2025).
- United Nations Digital Library, https://digitallibrary.un.org (accessed 15 October 2025).
- United Nations Treaty Series, https://treaties.un.org (accessed 15 October 2025).
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Austria:
- CERD: A/9618, paras. 130-137; A/31/18, paras. 50-57; A/33/18, paras. 118-127; A/35/18, paras. 86-95; A/37/18, paras. 182-194; A/40/18, paras. 128-139; A/44/18, paras. 159-172; A/47/18, paras. 179-199; CERD/C/304/Add.64; CERD/C/60/CO/1; CERD/C/AUT/CO/17; CERD/C/AUT/CO/18-20.
- CCPR: A/38/40, paras. 178-219; A/47/40, paras. 80-124; CCPR/C/79/Add.103; CCPR/C/AUT/CO/4; CCPR/C/AUT/CO/5; CCPR/C/AUT/QPR/6 (LoIPR).
- CESCR: E/1981/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 35-60; E/C.12/1988/4, paras. 23-48; E/C.12 /1988/4, paras. 49-61; E/1986/WG.1/SR.4, paras. 1-51; E/1986/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 22-61; E/C.12/1994/16; E/C.12/AUT/CO/325; E/C.12/AUT/CO/4; E/C.12/AUT/QPR/5 (LoIPR).
- CEDAW: A/46/38, paras. 303-333; A/55/38, Part II, paras. 211-243; CEDAW/C/AUT/CO/6; CEDAW/C/AUT/CO/7-8; CEDAW/C/AUT/CO/9; CEDAW/C/AUT/QPR/10 (LoIPR).
- CAT: A/44/46, paras. 202-230; A/55/44, paras. 46-50; CAT/C/AUT/CO/3; CAT/C/AUT/CO/4-5; CAT/C/AUT/CO/6; CAT/C/AUT/CO/7.
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.98; CRC/C/15/Add.251; CRC/C/AUT/CO/3-4; CRC/C/AUT/CO/5-6.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/AUT/CO/1; CRPD/C/AUT/CO/2-3.
- CED: CED/C/AUT/CO/1.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Bosnia and Herzegovina:
- CERD: A/48/18, paras. 453-473; A/50/18, paras. 205-225; CERD/C/BIH/CO/6; CERD/C/BIH/CO/7-8; CERD/C/BIH/CO/9-11; CERD/C/BIH/CO/12-13; CERD/C/BIH/CO/14-15.
- CCPR: CCPR/C/BIH/CO/1; CCPR/C/BIH/CO/2; CCPR/C/BIH/CO/3.
- CESCR: E/C.12/BIH/CO/1; E/C.12/BIH/CO/2; E/C.12/BIH/CO/3.
- CEDAW: CEDAW/C/BIH/CO/3; CEDAW/C/BIH/CO/4-5; CEDAW/C/BIH/CO/6.
- CAT: CAT/C/BIH/CO/1; CAT/C/BIH/CO/2-5; CAT/C/BIH/CO/6.
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.260; CRC/C/BIH/CO/2-4; CRC/C/BIH/CO/5-6.
- CMW: CMW/C/BIH/CO/1; CMW/C/BIH/CO/2; CMW/C/BIH/CO/3.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/BIH/CO/1; CRPD/C/BIH/Q/2-3 (LoIPR).
- CED: CED/C/BIH/CO/1.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Croatia:
- CERD: A/48/18, paras. 474-508; A/50/18, paras. 143-178; CERD/C/304/Add.55; CERD/C/60/CO/4; CERD/C/HRV/CO/8; CERD/C/HRV/CO/9-14.
- CCPR: CCPR/CO/71/HRV; CCPR/C/HRV/CO/2; CCPR/C/HRV/CO/3; CCPR/C/HRV/CO/4.
- CESCR: E/C.12/1/Add.73; E/C.12/HRV/CO/2.
- CEDAW: A/53/38/REV.1, paras. 80-119; A/60/38, paras. 168-209; CEDAW/C/HRV/CO/4-5.
- CAT: A/51/44, paras. 151-162; A/54/44, paras. 61-71; CAT/C/CR/32/3; CAT/C/HRV/CO/4-5; CAT/C/HRV/QPR/6 (LoIPR).
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.52; CRC/C/15/Add.243; CRC/C/HRV/CO/3-4; CRC/C/HRV/CO/5-6.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/HRV/CO/1.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Hungary:
- CERD: A/9018, paras. 188-193; A/9618, paras. 158-161; A/31/18, paras. 103-107; A/33/18, paras. 260-268; A/35/18, paras. 319-329; A/37/18, paras. 238-248; A/40/18, paras. 52-68; A/42/18, paras. 726-744; A/45/18, paras. 215-229; A/51/18, paras. 106-131; A/57/18, paras. 367-390; CERD/C/HUN/CO/18-25.
- CCPR: A/32/44, paras. 130-132; A/35/40, paras. 307-333; A/41/40, paras. 371-410; CCPR/C/79/Add.22; CCPR/CO/74/HUN; CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5; CCPR/C/HUN/CO/6.
- CESCR: E/1980/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 1-10; E/1982/WG.1/SR.14, paras. 32-48, 71-85; E/1984/WG.1/SR.19, paras. 1-33; E/1984/WG.1/SR.21, paras. 1-24; E/1986/WG.1/SR.6, paras. 44-59; E/1986/WG.1/SR.7, paras. 1-21; E/1986/WG.1/SR.9, paras. 49-70; E/C.12/HUN/CO/3.
- CEDAW: CEDAW/C/SR.32, paras. 1-18; CEDAW/C/SR.36, paras. 1-26; A/51/38, paras. 229-264; A/57/38, Part II, paras. 301-338; CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/6; CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/7-8; CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/9.
- CAT: A/48/44, paras. 342-364; A/54/44, paras. 78-87; CAT/C/HUN/CO/4; CAT/C/HUN/Q/5-6 (LoIPR).
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.87; CRC/C/HUN/CO/2; CRC/C/HUN/CO/3-5; CRC/C/HUN/CO/6.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/HUN/CO/1; CRPD/C/HUN/CO/2-3.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Italy:
- CERD: A/32/18, paras. 284-294; A/35/18, paras. 58-73; A/39/18, paras. 297-312; A/45/18, paras. 286-298; A/50/18, paras. 77-109; CERD/C/304/Add.68; A/56/18, paras. 298-320; CERD/C/ITA/CO/15; CERD/C/ITA/CO/16-18; CERD/C/ITA/CO/19-20; CERD/C/ITA/CO/21-22.
- CCPR: A/36/40, paras. 104-147; A/44/40, paras. 541-609; CCPR/C/79/Add.37; CCPR/C/79/Add.94; CCPR/C/ITA/CO/5; CCPR/C/ITA/CO/6.
- CESCR: E/1982/WG.1/SR.3, paras. 32-47; E/1982/WG.1/SR.4, paras. 1-17; E/C.12/1992/SR.13; E/C.12/1/Add.43; E/C.12/1/Add.103; E/C.12/ITA/CO/5; E/C.12/ITA/CO/6.
- CEDAW: A/46/38, paras. 43-83; A/52/38/REV.1, paras. 322-364; A/60/38, paras. 298-338; CEDAW/C/ITA/CO/6; CEDAW/C/ITA/CO/7; CEDAW/C/ITA/CO/8.
- CAT: A/47/44, paras. 310-338; A/50/44, paras. 146-158; A/54/44, paras. 163-169; CAT/C/ITA/CO/4; CAT/C/ITA/CO/5-6; CAT/C/ITA/QPR/7 (LoIPR).
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.41; CRC/C/15/Add.198; CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4; CRC/C/ITA/CO/5-6.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/ITA/CO/1.
- CED: CED/C/ITA/CO/1.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Montenegro:
- CERD: CERD/C/MNE/CO/1; CERD/C/MNE/CO/2-3; CERD/C/MNE/CO/4-6.
- CCPR: CCPR/C/MNE/CO/1; CCPR/C/MNE/QPR/2 (LoIPR).
- CESCR: E/C.12/MNE/CO/1.
- CEDAW: CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/1; CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/2; CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/3.
- CAT: CAT/C/MNE/CO/1; CAT/C/MNE/CO/2; CAT/C/MNE/CO/3.
- CRC: CRC/C/MNE/CO/1; CRC/C/MNE/CO/2-3.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/MNE/CO/1.
- CED: CED/C/MNE/CO/1.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on North-Macedonia:
- CERD: A/52/18, paras. 512-529; CERD/C/MKD/CO/7; CERD/C/MKD/CO/8-10.
- CCPR: CCPR/C/79/Add.96; CCPR/C/MKD/CO/2; CCPR/C/MKD/CO/3; CCPR/C/MKD/QPR/4 (LoIPR).
- CESCR: E/C.12/MKD/CO/1; E/C.12/MKD/CO/2-4.
- CEDAW: CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/3; CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/4-5; CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/6.
- CAT: A/54/44, paras. 106-117; CAT/C/MKD/CO/2; CAT/C/MKD/CO/3; CAT/C/MKD/CO/4.
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.118; CRC/C/MKD/CO/2; CRC/C/MKD/CO/3-6.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/MKD/CO/1.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Serbia:
- CERD: CERD/C/SRB/CO/1; CERD/C/SRB/CO/2-5.
- CCPR: CCPR/CO/81/SEMO; CCPR/C/SRB/CO/2; CCPR/C/SRB/CO/3; CCPR/C/SRB/CO/4.
- CESCR: E/C.12/1/Add.108; E/C.12/SRB/CO/2; E/C.12/SRB/CO/3.
- CEDAW: CEDAW/C/SCG/CO/1; CEDAW/C/SCG/CO/2-3; CEDAW/C/SCG/CO/4.
- CAT: CAT/C/SRB/CO/1; CAT/C/SRB/CO/2; CAT/C/SRB/CO/3; CAT/C/SRB/QPR/4 (LoIPR).
- CRC: CRC/C/SRB/CO/1; CRC/C/SRB/CO/2-3.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/SRB/CO/1.
- CED: CED/C/SRB/CO/1.
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Slovenia:
- CERD: CERD/C/304/Add.105; CERD/C/62/CO/9; CERD/C/SVN/CO/6-7; CERD/C/SVN/CO/8-11.
- CCPR: CCPR/C/79/Add.40; CCPR/CO/84/SVN; CCPR/C/SVN/CO/3.
- CESCR: E/C.12/SVN/CO/1; E/C.12/SVN/CO/2.
- CEDAW: A/52/38/Rev.1, paras. 81-122; A/58/38, Part II, paras. 184-228; CEDAW/C/SVN/CO/4; CEDAW/C/SVN/CO/5-6; CEDAW/C/SVN/CO/7.
- CAT: A/55/44, paras. 189-212; CAT/C/CR/30/4; CAT/C/SVN/CO/3; CAT/C/SVN/CO/4.
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.65; CRC/C/15/Add.230; CRC/C/SVN/CO/3-4.
- CRPD: CRPD/C/SVN/CO/1; CRPD/C/SVN/QPR/2-4 (LoIPR).
- UN treaty bodies’ concluding observations on Yugoslavia:
- CERD: A/8027, para. 39; A/9018, paras. 219-223; A/10018, paras. 105-109; A/31/18, paras. 117-121; A/34/18, paras. 210-221; A/36/18, paras. 212- 219; A/38/18, paras. 148-161; A/40/18, paras. 538-556; A/45/18, paras. 192-205; A/48/18, paras. 509-547; A/50/18, paras. 226-246; A/53/18, paras. 190-214.
- CCPR: A/33/40, paras. 366-398; A/39/40, paras. 193-238; A/47/40, paras. 431-469.
- CESCR: E/1982/WG.1/SR.4, paras. 18-50; E/1982/WG.1/SR.5, paras. 1-8; E/C.12/1988/4, paras. 240-269; E/1984/WG.1/SR.16, paras. 26-46; E/1984/WG.1/SR.18, paras. 64-79; E/C.12/2000/21, paras. 496-511.
- CEDAW: A/46/38, paras. 334-359.
- CAT: A/54/44, paras. 35-52.
- CRC: CRC/C/15/Add.49.