References
- Bernstein, Basil. 1971. Class, Codes and Control 1: Theoretical Studies Towards a Sociology of Language. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Blanden, Jo, Paul Gregg, and Lindsey Macmillan. 2007. Accounting for Intergenerational Income Persistence: Non-Cognitive Skills, Ability and Education. Economic Journal 117(519): 43–60.
- Blau, Peter, and Otis Dudley Duncan. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. London: John Wiley and Sons.
- Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron. 1977. Reproduction in Education, Culture and Society. London: Sage.
- Bratsberg, Bernt, and Ole Rogeberg. 2018. Flynn Effect and Its Reversal Are Both Environmentally Caused. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(26): 6674–6678.
- Carpenter, James R., and Michael G. Kenward. 2012. Multiple Imputation and Its Application. London: John Wiley & Sons.
- Colom, Roberto, Manuel Juan-Espinosa, Francisco Abad, and Luis F. Garcia. 2000. Negligible Sex Differences in General Intelligence. Intelligence 28(1): 57–68.
- Conger, Rand D., and Katherine J. Conger. 2002. Resilience in Midwestern Families: Selected Findings From the First Decade of a Prospective, Longitudinal Study. Journal of Marriage and Family 64(2): 361–373.
- Conger, Rand D., and Glen H. Elder. 1994. Families in Troubled Times: Adapting to Change in Rural America. Social Institutions and Social Change. London: Routledge.
- Connelly, Roxanne, and Vernon Gayle. 2017. An Investigation of Social Class Inequalities in General Cognitive Ability in Two British Birth Cohorts. The British Journal of Sociology 70(1): 90–108.
- Connelly, Roxanne, and Lucinda Platt. 2014. Cohort Profile: UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). International journal of epidemiology 43(6): 1719–1725.
- Cunha, Flavio, and James J. Heckman. 2009. The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development. NBER Working Paper No. 14695. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Deary, Ian J., Steve Strand, Pauline Smith, and Cres Fernandes. 2007. Intelligence and Educational Achievement. Intelligence 35(1): 13–21.
- Deary, Ian. J., Frank M. Spinath, and Timothy C. Bates. 2006. Genetics of Intelligence. European Journal of Human Genetics 14(6): 690–700.
- Devine, Fiona. 2004. Class Practices: How Parents Help their Children Get Good Jobs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Dickerson, Andy, and Gurleen Popli. 2016. Persistent Poverty and Children’s Cognitive Development: Evidence From the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 179(2): 534–558.
- Duncan, Greg J., W. Jean Yeung, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Judith R. Smith. 1998. How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Lifechances of Children? American Sociological Review 63(3): 406–423.
- Dutton, Edward, Dimitri van der Linden, and Richard Lynn. 2016. The Negative Flynn Effect: A Systematic Literature Review. Intelligence 59(November-December): 163–169.
- Elliott, Colin D., Pauline Smith, and Kay McCulloch. 1996. British Ability Scales Second Edition (BAS II): Administration and Scoring Manual. London: Nelson.
- Elliott, Colin D., Pauline Smith, and Kay McCulloch. 1997. British Ability Scales Second Edition (BAS II): Technical Manual. London: Nelson.
- Elliott, Jane, and Peter Shepherd. 2006. Cohort Profile: 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70). International journal of epidemiology 35(4): 836–843.
- Erikson, Robert. 1984. Social Class of Men, Women and Families. Sociology 18(4): 500–514.
- Ermisch, John. 2008. Origins of Social Immobility and Inequality: Parenting and Early Child Development. National Institute Economic Review 205(1): 62–71.
- Feinstein, Leon. 2003. Inequality in the Early Cognitive Development of British Children in the 1970 Cohort. Economica 70(277): 73–97.
- Flynn, James Robert. 2012. Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gayle, Vernon, and Paul S. Lambert. 2007. Using Quasi-Variance to Communicate Sociological Results From Statistical Models. Sociology 41(6): 1191–1208.
- Goldthorpe, John H. 2016. Social Class Mobility in Modern Britain: Changing Structure, Constant Process. Journal of the British Academy 4(1): 89–111.
- Goodman, Alissa. and Paul Gregg. 2010. Poorer Children’s Educational Attainment: How Important Are Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
- Gottfried, Allen W., Adele E. Gottfried, Kay Bathurst, Diana W. Guerin, and Makeba M. Parramore. 2003. Socioeconomic Status in Children’s Development and Family Environment: Infancy Through Adolescence. Pp. 189–207 in Socioeconomic Status, Parenting and Child Development, edited by Marc H. Bornstein, and Robert H. Bradley. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Gregg, Paul. 2012. Occupational Coding for the National Child Development Study (1969, 1991-2008) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (1980, 2000-2008) [Data Collection]. UK Data Service: SN7023. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7023-1.
- Halsey, Albert H., Anthony Heath, and John Ridge. 1980. Origins and Destinations. Family, Class and Education in Modern Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Hansen, Kirstine. 2014. Millennium Cohort Study: A Guide to the Datasets. 8th Edition. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.
- Harden, Kathryn Paige. 2021. The Genetic Lottery: Why DNA Matters for Social Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2002. Ways of Meaning, Ways of Learning: Code As an Explanatory Concept. British Journal of Sociology of Education 23(4): 537–548.
- Hawkes, Denise, and Ian Plewis. 2006. Modelling Non-Response in the National Child Development Study. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 169(3): 479–491.
- Hill, W. David, G. Davies, L. N. Van De Lagemaat, A. Christoforou, R. Marioni, C. Fernandes, D. C.
- Liewald, M. D. Croning, A. Payton, and L. C. Craig. 2014. Human Cognitive Ability is Influenced by Genetic Variation in Components of Postsynaptic Signalling Complexes Assembled by NMDA Receptors and MAGUK Proteins. Translational psychiatry 4(1): e341–e341.
- Höfler, Michael, Hildegard Pfister, Roselind Lieb, and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. 2005. The Use of Weights to Account for Non-Response and Drop-Out. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 40(4): 291–299.
- Jencks, Christopher. 1979. Who Gets Ahead? The Determinants of Economic Success in America. New York: Basic Books.
- Kagitcibasi, Cigdem, and Duygu Biricik. 2011. Generational Gains on the Draw-a-Person IQ Scores: A Three-Decade Comparison from Turkey. Intelligence 39(5): 351–356.
- Ketende, Sosthenes C., and Elizabeth Jones. 2011. The Millennium Cohort Study: User Guide to Analysing MCS Data using Stata. Institute of Education, University of London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.
- Kiernan, Kathleen E., and Fiona K. Mensah. 2011. Poverty, Family Resources and Children’s Educational Attainment: The Mediating Role of Parenting. British Educational Research Journal 37(2): 317–336.
- Lareau, Annette. 2011. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
- Layte, Richard. 2017. Why Do Working-Class Kids Do Worse in School? An Empirical Test of Two Theories of Educational Disadvantage. European Sociological Review 33(4): 489–503.
- Lynn, Richard. 1999. Sex Differences in Intelligence and Brain Size: A Developmental Theory. Intelligence 27(1): 1–12.
- Mcculloch, Andrew, and Heather Joshi. 2001. Neighbourhood and Family Influences on the Cognitive Ability of Children in the British National Child Development Study. Social Science and Medicine 53(5): 579–591.
- Mostafa, Tarek, and Richard D. Wiggins. 2014. Handling Attrition and Non-Response in the 1970 British Cohort Study. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.
- Mostafa, Tarek, and Richard D. Wiggins. 2015. The Impact of Attrition and Non-Response in Birth Cohort Studies: A Need to Incorporate Missingness Strategies. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 6(2): 131–146.
- Nash, Roy. 2001. Class, Ability and Attainment: A Problem for the Sociology of Education. British Journal of Sociology of Education 22(2): 189–202.
- Nash, Roy. 2005. The Cognitive Habitus: Its Place in a Realist Account of Inequality/Difference. British Journal of Sociology of Education 26(5): 599–612.
- Nash, Roy. 2016. Explaining Inequalities in School Achievement: A Realist Analysis. London: Routledge.
- Neisser, Ulrich. 1998. The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Neisser, Ulrich, Gwyneth Boodoo, Thomas J. Bouchard, A. Wade Boykin, Nathan Brody, Stephen J. Ceci, Diane F. Halpern, John C. Loehlin, Robert Perloff, Robert J. Sternberg, and Susana Urbina. 1996. Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns. American Psychologist 51(2): 77–101.
- Nettle, Daniel. 2003. Intelligence and Class Mobility in the British Population. British Journal Of Psychology 94(4): 551–561.
- Office for National Statistics. 2010. SOC2010. Volume 3: NS-SEC User Manual. London: Office for National Statistics.
- Parcel, Toby L., and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. 1994. Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes.
- Sullivan, Alice, Sosthenes Ketende, and Heather Joshi. 2013. Social Class and Inequalities in Early Cognitive Scores. Sociology 47(6): 1187–1206.
- Treiman, Donald J. 2009. Quantitative Data Analysis: Doing Social Research to Test Ideas. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
- Tucker-Drob, Elliot. M., Daniel A. Briley, and Kathryn Paige Harden. 2013. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cognition Across Development and Context. Current Directions in Psychological Science 22(5): 349–355.
- University of London. 2012a. Millennium Cohort Study: First Survey, 2001-2003 [data collection]. 11th Edition. UK Data Service: SN4683. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5641-2.
- University of London. 2012b. Millennium Cohort Study: Second Survey, 2003-2005 [data collection]. 8th Edition. UK Data Service: SN5350. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5641-2.
- University of London. 2012c. Millennium Cohort Study: Third Survey, 2006 [data collection]. 6th Edition. UK Data Service: SN5795. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5641-2.
- University of London. 2013. 1970 British Cohort Study: Birth and 22-Month Subsample, 1970-1972 [data collection]. 3rd Edition. UK Data Service: SN2666. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-2666-2.
- University of London. 2015a. Millennium Cohort Study: Fifth Survey, 2012 [data collection]. 2nd Edition. UK Data Service: SN7464. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5641-2.
- University of London. 2015b. Millennium Cohort Study: Fourth Survey, 2008 [data collection]. 6th Edition. UK Data Service: SN6411. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5641-2.
- University of London. 2016a. 1970 British Cohort Study: Five-Year Follow-Up, 1975 [data collection]. 5th Edition. UK Data Service: SN2699. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-2699-4.
- University of London. 2016b. 1970 British Cohort Study: Ten-Year Follow-Up, 1980 [data collection]. 6th Edition. UK Data Service: SN3723. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-3723-7.
- Vanhanen, Tatu. 2011. IQ and International Wellbeing Indexes. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 36(1): 80–89.
- Vincent, Carol, and Stephen J. Ball. 2007. “Making Up” the Middle-Class Child: Families, Activities and Class Dispositions. Sociology 41(6): 1061–1077.
- Washbrook, Elizabeth. 2011. Early Environments and Child Outcomes: An Analysis Commission for the Independent Review on Life Chances. Bristol: Centre for Market and Public Organization, University of Bristol.
- Wicherts, Jelte M., Conor V. Dolan, David J. Hessen, Paul Oosterveld, G. Caroline M. Van Baal, Dorret I. Boomsma, and Mark M. Span. 2004. Are Intelligence Tests Measurement Invariant Over Time? Investigating the Nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32(5): 509–537.