Traumatic and Psychosomatic Symptoms in Children Exposed to Peer Violence: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Figures & Tables

	Neutral	Victim	Bully	Bully/Victim	p^*
Frequency
Pseudoneurological	1.11^a [0.3]	1.44^b [1]	1.22^b,c [0.5]	1.33^c [0.9]	<0.001
Cardiovascular	1.33^a [1]	2^b [1.3]	1.67^a,b [1]	2^b [1.3]	<0.001
Musculoskeletal	1^a [0.5]	1.5^c [1.5]	1^a,b [0.5]	1.5^b,c [1.5]	<0.001
Respiratory	1.33^a [0.3]	1.67^b [1]	1.33^a [0.3]	1.67^b [0.3]	<0.001
Gastrointestinal	1.33^a [0.6]	1.67^c [0.7]	1.39^a,b [0.6]	1.56^b,c [0.8]	<0.001
Dermatological	1.33^a [1]	1.67^b [1]	1.33^a,b [1]	1.5^b [1]	<0.001
Pain/Fatigue	1.67^a [0.7]	2.17^b [1]	1.83^a [0.7]	2.17^b [0.8]	<0.001
Interference
Pseudoneurological	1.11^a [0.3]	1.33^c [0.7]	1.22^b [0.6]	1.22^b,c [0.8]	<0.001
Cardiovascular	1.33^a [0.7]	1.67^c [0.7]	1.33^a,b [0.7]	1.67^b,c [1]	<0.001
Musculoskeletal	1^a [0.5]	1.5^b [1]	1^a,b [0.5]	1^b [1]	<0.001
Respiratory	1.33^a [0.7]	1.67^c [1]	1.33^a,b [0.7]	1.67^b,c [1]	<0.001
Gastrointestinal	1.22^a [0.4]	1.44^c [0.7]	1.22^a,b [0.8]	1.39^b,c [0.7]	<0.001
Dermatological	1^a [0.7]	1.33^c [1]	1.17^a,b [0.7]	1.33^b,c [1]	<0.001
Pain/Fatigue	1.5^a [0.7]	1.83^b [0.8]	1.67^b [0.7]	1.83^b [0.7]	<0.001

Overview of instruments used in the study_

Instrument	Developer/Year	Language	Target Age	Scales / Dimensions	Cronbach’s α	Validation
School Violence Questionnaire (SVQ 2003) [20]	Child Protection Centre of Zagreb (2003)	Croatian	12–15	11 aggressive behaviours grouped into 5 violence types	0.84	Validated in Croatian
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC-A) [21]	Briere (1996); Croatian edition by Buljan Flander & Profaca	Croatian	8–16	44 items / 6 subscales: anxiety, depression, anger, PTSD, overt and fantasy dissociation	0.82–0.89	Validated and standardised in Croatian
Psychosomatic Symptoms Scale (PSS) [23]	Vulić-Prtorić (2019)	Croatian	10–18	35 items in 7 somatic domains (frequency and interference)	0.89–0.91	Validated for the Croatian population

N (%)	Neutral	Victim	Bully	Bully/Victim	p^*
Gender
Male	887 (48.0)^a	134 (43.2)^a	50 (69.4)^a	56 (54.9)^a,b	<0.001
Female	960 (52.0)^a	176 (56.8)^a	22 (30.6)^a	46 (45.1)^a,b	<0.001
Family structure
Both parents	1648 (89.2)^a	266 (85.8)^a,b	60 (83.3)^a,b	82 (80.4)^b	0.011
Other	199 (10.8)^a	44 (14.2)^a,b	12 (16.7)^a,b	20 (19.6)^b	0.011
Siblings
0	172 (9.3)	28 (9)	10 (13.9)	11 (10.8)	0.308
1	744 (40.3)	111 (35.8)	26 (36.1)	32 (31.4)
2	563 (30.5)	110 (35.5)	18 (25)	39 (38.2)
3 or more	368 (19.9)	61 (19.7)	18 (25)	20 (19.6)
Area of residence
Urban	1177 (63.7)	201 (64.8)	46 (63.9)	78 (76.5)	0.076
Rural	670 (36.3)	109 (35.2)	26 (36.1)	24 (23.5)	0.076
Grade level
7th	621 (33.6)^a	112 (36.1)^a	13 (18.1)^b	20 (19.6)^b	0.001
8th	628 (34.0)^a	96 (31)^a	24 (33.3)^a	36 (35.3)^a
9th	598 (32.4)^a	102 (32.9)^a,b	35 (48.6)^b	46 (45.1)^b
Academic performance
1 (Fail)	61 (3.3)^a	7 (2.3)^a	3 (4.2)^a	5 (4.9)^a	0.005
2 (Poor)	58 (3.1)^a	10 (3.2)^a	1 (1.4)^a	8 (7.8)^a
3 (Satisfactory)	398 (21.5)^a	87 (28.1)^a	23 (31.9)^a	25 (24.5)^a
4 (Very good)	638 (34.5)^a	96 (31)^a	32 (44.4)^a	30 (29.4)^a
5 (Excellent)	692 (37.5)^a	110 (35.5)^a	13 (18.1)^b	34 (33.3)^a,b