Bivariate association and logistic regression analysis of risk factors in relation to the outcome group Mental Health Problems (MHP) and Substance Use Problems (SUP) three years after initiated treatment_ Odds ratio and confidence interval are reported (N=451)_
| Psychosocial risk factors | no SUP/MHP | SUP/MHP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate association | Model 1 | Model 2 | Bivariate association | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| 1. Lack of occupation | 1.16 (0.65–2.08) | 0.92 (0.50–1.69) | 1.11 (0.58–2.16) | 1.06 (.52–2.15) | .90 (.43–1.91) | .97 (.44–2.12) |
| 2. Problems at school | 2.75 (1.41–5.39)** | 2.51 (1.24–5.04)* | 2.53 (1.24–5.16)* | 1.15 (.60–2.22) | .94 (.47–1.91) | .91 (.45–1.85) |
| 3. Placement in foster care/residential home | 0.82 (0.45–1.50) | 0.68 (0.36–1.26) | 0.70 (0.37–1.32) | 2.17 (1.19–3.98)* | 2.02 (1.07–3.80)* | 2.00 (1.06–3.76)* |
| 4. Problems in childhood environment | 1.29 (0.80–2.08) | 1.00 (0.58–1.71) | 1.08 (0.62–1.88) | 1.74 (.96–3.18) | 1.48 (.76–2.86) | 1.47 (.76–2.85) |
| 5. Early drug debut | 1.36 (0.80–2.32) | 1.34 (0.76–2.35) | 1.18 (0.66–2.10) | 1.40 (.75–2.62) | 1.17 (.61–2.26) | 1.17 (.60–2.27) |
| 6. Delinquent peers | 1.09 (0.62–1.93) | 0.98 (0.55–1.78) | 1.24 (0.67–2.31) | .93 (.46–1.88) | .84 (.41–1.73) | .82 (.39–1.72) |
| 7. Exposure to violence | 1.43 (0.88–2,33) | 1.11 (0.64–1.91) | 1.09 (0.62–1.93) | 1.48 (.82–2.67) | 1.18 (.62–2.28) | 1.16 (.59–2.25) |
| 8. Depression | 1.99 (1.24–3.19)** | 1.81 (1.07–3.07)* | 2.00 (1.14–3.50)* | 1.30 (.73–2.29) | 1.05 (.55–1.99) | 1.01 (.52–1.96) |
| 9. Violent behavior | 1.19 (0.69–2.05) | 0.84 (0.47–1.51) | 0.79 (0.43–1.44) | 1.42 (.76–2.66) | 1.40 (.71–2.76) | 1.43 (.73–2.82) |
| 10. Traumatic events | 1.40 (0.87–2.25) | 1.07 (0.63–1.82) | 1.01 (0.58–1.74) | 1.27 (.72–2.24) | .96 (.51–1.81) | .93 (.49–1.77) |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Sex | 1.72 (1.03–2.90)* | 1.46 (0.80–2.69) | ||||
| Age | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | ||||
| Primary drug use frequency at intake | 0.44 (0.26–0.75)** | 1.43 (0.78–2.62) | ||||
Descriptives of outcome indicators: Mental Health Problems (MHP) and Substance Use Problems (SUP) three years after initiated treatment_
| Total | Girls | Boys | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=451 | n=131 | n=320 | |||
| % | % | % | Chi-2 | p-value | |
| Indication of mental health problems (MHP) | 33 | 44 | 28 | 10.47 | 0.00** |
| Outpatient treatment, psychiatry | 22 | 30 | 18 | 7.60 | 0.00** |
| In-patient treatment, psychiatry | 5 | 6 | 4 | 0.56 | 0.45 |
| Medical treatment, mental illness | 29 | 41 | 24 | 12.74 | 0.00** |
| Indications of Substance use problems (SUP) | 28 | 20 | 31 | 5.48 | 0.02* |
| Outpatient substance use care | 16 | 17 | 15 | 0.30 | 0.59 |
| Inpatient substance use care | 7 | 5 | 7 | 0.55 | 0.46 |
| Medication for alcohol or drug use problems | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.88 |
| Compulsory care | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.22 | 0.64 |
| Substance use–related criminality | 15 | 5 | 19 | 13.92 | 0.00** |
Categories of psychiatric diagnoses according to ICD-10 during follow-up three years after initiated treatment for the outcome groups_ Percentage distribution_
| Total | SUP/no MHP | no SUP/MHP | SUP/MHP no | SUP/no MHP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=451 | n=69 | n=90 | n=58 | n=234 | |||
| % | % | % | % | % | Chi-2 | p - value | |
| Diagnostic category | 463.514 | <0.001 | |||||
| Assesment/observation | 4 | 0 | 12 | 10 | 0 | ||
| Anxiety/depression | 14 | 0 | 43 | 40 | 0 | ||
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | 12 | 0 | 39 | 35 | 0 | ||
| Psychosis/bipolar etc | 2 | 0 | 6 | 16 | 0 | ||
| No diagnosis | 67 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | ||
Odds ratios and confidence intervals for the association between adolescent cumulative risk in relation to the outcome group Mental Health Problems (MHP) and Substance Use Problems (SUP) three years after initiated treatment (N=451)_
| Cumulative risk | no SUP/MHP | SUP/MHP |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | |
| Model 5 | Model 7 | |
| 0–2 risk factors (31%) Ref | 1 | 1 |
| 3–5 risk factors (49%) | 1.85 (1.03–3.34)* | 1.69 (0.84–3.43) |
| 6–10 risk factors (21%) | 2.53 (1.29–4.97)** | 2.25 (1.01–5.00)* |
| Model 6 | Model 8 | |
| 0–2 risk factors (31%) Ref | 1 | 1 |
| 3–5 risk factors (49%) | 1.93 (1.05–3.55)* | 1.61 (0.78–3.30) |
| 6–10 risk factors (21%) | 2.74 (1.33–5.64)** | 2.09 (0.89–4.90) |
| Covariates | ||
| Sex | 1.78 (1.08–2.93)* | 1.45 (0.81–2.60) |
| Age | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) |
| Primary drug use frequency at intake | 0.47 (0.28–0.78)** | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) |
The four outcome groups at three-year follow-up in relation to the situation at the start of treatment contact_
| Descriptives | Total | SUP/no MHP | No SUP/MHP | SUP/MHP | no SUP/no MHP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=451 | n=69 | n=90 | n=58 | n=234 | |
| % | % | % | % | % | |
| Sex | |||||
| Girls | 29 | 7 | 40 | 38 | 30 |
| Boys | 71 | 93 | 60 | 62 | 70 |
| Age (mean) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Living with parents | 72 | 84 | 74 | 60 | 71 |
| Low level of education for parents (primary school) | 4 | 10 | 2 | - | 4 |
| Reading and writing difficulties | 19 | 28 | 18 | 29 | 14 |
| Upper secondary school eligibility | 68 | 52 | 74 | 67 | 71 |
| Lack of employment | 18 | 17 | 20 | 19 | 18 |
| Serious conflicts with parents | 36 | 29 | 36 | 35 | 39 |
| Arrested for crime | 61 | 78 | 48 | 60 | 62 |
| Hazardous Alcohol Consumption (AUDIT) | 48 | 36 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Primary drug | |||||
| Alcohol | 14 | 6 | 18 | 14 | 15 |
| Cannabis | 77 | 86 | 71 | 81 | 75 |
| Other drugs | 9 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 10 |
| Primairy drug use requency 2–3 days/week or more | 49 | 55 | 38 | 57 | 49 |
| Polydrug use | 38 | 33 | 37 | 47 | 38 |
| Anxiety or worry | 49 | 38 | 63 | 57 | 46 |
| Concentration problems | 58 | 52 | 67 | 69 | 55 |
| Suicide thoughts | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 |
| Eating disorder | 8 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 8 |
| Self-harm behavior | 7 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 8 |
| Medication for Mental Health Problems | 21 | 9 | 39 | 40 | 13 |