Figure 1
Best-Estimate Lifetime Psychiatric Diagnoses in Wolfram Syndrome Participants_
| Best Estimate Diagnoses | Children Age 6-12 yrs (N=12) | Adolescents Age 13-17 yrs (N=11) | Adults 18-30 yrs (N=16) | Total 6-30 yrs (N=39) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Neurodevelopmental or Disruptive Behavior Disorder, n (%) | 6 (50) | 3 (27) | 3 (19) | 12 (31) |
| ADHD-full criteria, n (%) | 3 (25) | 1 (9) | 1 (6) | 5 (13) |
| ADHD-unspecified, n (%) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 3 (8) |
| ADHD-any, n (%) | 4 (33) | 1 (9) | 3 (19) | 8 (21) |
| Oppositional-Defiant Disorder, n (%) | 4 (33) | 2 (18) | 1 (6) | 7 (18) |
| Conduct Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) |
| Tourette Syndrome, n (%) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| NDD-Unspecified, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Any Anxiety Disorder, n (%) | 11 (92) | 9 (82) | 10 (63) | 30 (77) |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 1 (9) | 3 (19) | 5 (13) |
| Social Anxiety Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 1 (3) |
| Separation Anxiety Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 2 (18) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) |
| Specific Phobia, n (%) | 1 (8) | 1 (9) | 1 (6) | 3 (8) |
| Unspecified Anxiety Disorder, n (%) | 9 (75) | 5 (45) | 6 (38) | 20 (51) |
| Any Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorder, n (%) | 4 (33) | 4 (36) | 4 (25) | 12 (31) |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 2 (5) |
| Excoriation Disorder, n (%) | 4 (33) | 3 (27) | 2 (13) | 9 (23) |
| Unspecified Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Any Mood Disorder, n (%) | 3 (25) | 4 (36) | 6 (38) | 13 (33) |
| Major Depressive Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (19) | 3 (8) |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | (3) |
| Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | (5) |
| Unspecified Depressive Disorder, n (%) | 2 (17) | 2 (18) | 2 (13) | 6 (15) |
| Unspecified Bipolar Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 1 (3) |
| Any Sleep-Wake Disorder, n (%) | 2 (17) | 3 (27) | 7 (44) | 12 (31) |
| Hypersomnolence Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 3 (27) | 6 (38) | 10 (26) |
| Sleep Apnea, reported diagnosis based on past sleep study, n (%) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 2 (5) |
| Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep, based on reported symptoms and past sleep study, n (%) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Unspecified Sleep-Wake Disorder, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 1 (3) |
| Hallucination-like Experiences, n (%) | 6 (50) | 3 (27) | 6 (38) | 15 (38) |
| Unspecified Psychotic Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Unspecified Eating Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
| Any Trauma and Stressor Related Disorder, n (%) | 1 (8) | 1 (9) | 3 (19) | 5 (13) |
Characteristics of Wolfram syndrome participants with at least one psychiatric interview in the 2013-2017 timeframe (Total N=39)_
| 1 clinic visit, n (%) | 4 (10) |
| 2 clinic visits, n (%) | 8 (21) |
| 3 clinic visits, n (%) | 8 (21) |
| 4 clinic visits, n (%) | 19 (49) |
| Age at first visit, mean (range) | 14 (5-27) |
| Age at last visit, mean (range) | 16 (6-30) |
| Male sex at birth, n (%) | 16 (41) |