Differences between boys and girls in emotional state, life satisfaction and worries about COVID-19 in Spain and Chile_
| Spain | Chile | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire and variable | Girls M (SD) | Boys M (SD) | t | p | Cohen’s d | Girls M (SD) | Boys M (SD) | t | p | Cohen’s d |
| DASS-21 | ||||||||||
| Depression | 11.08 | 7.67 | 3.63 | .000 | .36 | 21.56 | 15.50 | 3.69 | .000 | .49 |
| (10.02) | (9.12) | (11.87) | (12.78) | |||||||
| Anxiety | 8.93 | 6.53 | 3.05 | .002 | .28 | 15.54 | 7.00 | 7.36 | .000 | .88 |
| (9.36) | (7.47) | (11.06) | (8.06) | |||||||
| Stress | 14.87 | 11.23 | 3.80 | .000 | .38 | 18.67 | 11.40 | 4.83 | .000 | .69 |
| (10.02) | (9.19) | (11.09) | (10.10) | |||||||
| SWLS | 24.29 | 24.50 | -.34 | .74 | -.03 | 19.81 | 21.17 | -1.28 | .207 | -.19 |
| (6.32) | (6.75) | (6.48) | (7.89) | |||||||
| W-COV | ||||||||||
| Health | 14.74 | 12.76 | 4.96 | .000 | .48 | 15.82 | 13.65 | 3.93 | .000 | .51 |
| (3.84) | (4.39) | (3.97) | (4.53) | |||||||
| Economy | 13.21 | 11.66 | 3.86 | .000 | .38 | 16.62 | 12.37 | 6.97 | .000 | .95 |
| (4.03) | (4.11) | (4.45) | (4.46) | |||||||
| Psychosocial | 16.53 | 14.14 | 4.81 | .000 | .47 | 19.82 | 15.13 | 6.16 | .000 | .82 |
| (5.04) | (5.07) | (5.49) | (5.95) | |||||||
Descriptive statistics and distribution of participants to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in Spain and Chile
| Spain | Chile | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severity of symptoms | Depression n (%) | Anxiety n (%) | Stress n (%) | Depression n (%) | Anxiety n (%) | Stress n (%) |
| Normal | 276 (52.1%) | 286 (54%) | 285 (53.8%) | 106 (19.3%) | 173 (31.6%) | 245 (44.7%) |
| Mild | 58 (10.9%) | 29 (5.5%) | 63 (11.9%) | 55 (10%) | 32 (5.8%) | 57 (10.4%) |
| Moderate | 75 (14.2%) | 79 (14.9%) | 66 (12.5%) | 128 (23.4%) | 106 (19.3%) | 90 (16.4%) |
| Severe | 32 (6%) | 29 (5.5%) | 48 (9.1%) | 79 (14.4%) | 61 (11.1%) | 88 (16.1%) |
| Very severe | 42 (7.9%) | 60 (11.3%) | 21 (4%) | 180 (32.8%) | 176 (32.1%) | 68 (12.4%) |
| Missing values | 47 (8.9%) | 47 (8.9%) | 47 (8.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Total | 483 (91.1%) | 483 (91.1%) | 483 (91.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Differences in emotional state, COVID-19 and life satisfaction in Spain and Chile_
| Questionnaire and Variable | Range | t | Cohen’s d | M Spain (SD) | M Chile (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional state (DASS-21) | |||||
| Depression | 0-42 | -16.08 | -1.00 | 10.06 (9.95) | 21.14 (12.16) |
| Anxiety | 0-42 | -10.76 | -.67 | 8.22 (8.87) | 14.96 (11.21) |
| Stress | 0-42 | -6.74 | -.42 | 13.68 (10.00) | 18.14 (11.24) |
| Satisfaction with life (SWLS) | 5-35 | 11.11 | .95 | 24.32 (6.44) | 19.77 (2.04) |
| Worries about COVID-19 (W-COV) | |||||
| Health | 5-25 | -6.01 | -.38 | 14.02 (4.17) | 15.59 (4.08) |
| Economy | 5-25 | -12.6 | -.80 | 12.67 (4.15) | 16.17 (4.60) |
| Psychosocial | 6-30 | -10.71 | -.68 | 15.67 (5.15) | 19.35 (5.68) |
Descriptive statistics and frequency analysis of Spanish and Chilean participants
| Demographic variables | Spain n (%) o M (SD) | Chile n (%) o M (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Country of residence during lockdown | 530 (49.2%) | 548 (50.8%) |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 322 (63.2%) | 467 (85.2%) |
| Male | 189 (35.7%) | 60 (10.9%) |
| Other | 2 (0.4%) | 21 (3.8%) |
| Missing values | 4 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Age (range=12-17 years old) | 14.84 (1.19) | 15.51 (1.21) |
| Occupational status | ||
| Student | 202 (38.1%) | 499 (91.1%) |
| Worker | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.4%) |
| Student and Worker | 6 (1.1%) | 10 (1.8%) |
| None of the two options | 5 (0.9%) | 37 (6.8%) |
| Missing values | 317 (59.8%) | 0 (0%) |
Linear regressions of COVID-19 worries and psychological variables in Chile_
| Life satisfaction | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | |
| Model | .11 | .12 | .23 | .30 | .24 | .32 | .30 | .43 | ||||
| WCOV Health | .16** | -.13** | -.03 | -.13** | ||||||||
| WCOV Economy | -.16** | .11* | .11* | .10* | ||||||||
| WCOV Psychosocial | -.31*** | .49*** | .44*** | .56*** | ||||||||
Linear regressions of COVID-19 worries and psychological variables in Spain_
| Life satisfaction | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | β | R2 | Cohen’s f2 | |
| Model | .07 | .08 | .21 | .27 | .20 | .25 | .23 | .30 | ||||
| WCOV Health | .20** | -.20** | -.15* | -.12* | ||||||||
| WCOV Economy | -.19** | .22*** | .16** | .11* | ||||||||
| WCOV Psychosocial | -.22** | .42*** | .43*** | .48*** | ||||||||